Background: Long-term therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs) such as entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) favorably affects the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on the basis of data from randomized or matched control studies. Recent data suggest a lower HCC incidence after 5 years of ETV or TDF therapy in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, especially those with baseline cirrhosis. Summary: Three controversial issues remain to be resolved regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) treatment and HCC. 1) The efficacy of antiviral treatment for the prevention of HCC is not established. Guidelines of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver (APASL), and European Association for the Study of Liver (EASL) for the management of HBV infection state that antiviral treatment of HBV with interferon and NAs prevents the development of HCC. Among experts in CHB treatment, however, there is disagreement on the HCC-prevention effects of antiviral treatment. 2) The rationale for antiviral management in patients with high HBV DNA and normal levels of alanine aminotransferase is unclear. The AASLD, EASL, and APASL guidelines do not recommend antiviral treatment for immune-tolerant CHB patients, and the terms and methods of treating such patients remain to be clarified. 3) The efficacy of first-line treatment with NAs, including ETV, TDF, and tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF), to prevent HCC in CHB patients remains unknown. Several studies have produced controversial results regarding the effects of NAs for the risk and prevention of HCC. In the present review, we discuss these 3 issues, citing recent studies and clinical management guidelines from major international associations. Key messages: Suggested approaches for reaching a consensus including applying the propensity score matching method, performing randomized controlled studies, and performing clinical studies with larger numbers of subjects and longer follow-up.

The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel