Aas M, Dazzan P, Mondelli V et al (2014) A systematic review of cognitive function in first-episode psychosis, including a discussion on childhood trauma, stress, and inflammation. Front Psychiatry 4:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00182

Article  Google Scholar 

Aggleton JP, O’Mara SM, Vann SD et al (2010) Hippocampal-anterior thalamic pathways for memory: uncovering a network of direct and indirect actions. Eur J Neurosci 31:2292–2307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07251.x

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aleman A, Hijman R, De Haan EHF et al (1999) Memory impairment in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Am J Psychiatry 156(9):1358–1366. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.156.9.1358

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington

Google Scholar 

Andreasen NC (1983) Scale for the assessment of negative symptoms. University of Iowa, Iowa City

Google Scholar 

Arfanakis K, Wilson RS, Barth CM et al (2016) Cognitive activity, cognitive function, and brain diffusion characteristics in old age. Brain Imaging Behav 10(2):455–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-015-9405-5.Cognitive

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barnett JH, Sahakian BJ, Werners U et al (2005) Visuospatial learning and executive function are independently impaired in first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med 35:1031–1041

Article  Google Scholar 

Behrens TEJ, Woolrich MW, Jenkinson M et al (2003) Characterization and propagation of uncertainty in diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Magn Reson Med 50:1077–1088

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Behrens TEJ, Berg HJ, Jbabdi S et al (2007) Probabilistic diffusion tractography with multiple fibre orientations: what can we gain? Neuroimage 34:144–155

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Benetti S, Mechelli A, Picchioni M et al (2009) Functional integration between the posterior hippocampus and prefrontal cortex is impaired in both first episode schizophrenia and the at risk mental state. Brain 132:2426–2436. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp098

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bora E, Yucel M, Pantelis C (2009) Cognitive functioning in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and affective psychoses: meta-analytic study. Br J Psychiatry 195:475–482

Article  Google Scholar 

Borgwardt S, Smieskova R, Fusar-Poli P (2012) Gray matter pathology of hippocampus—a specific endophenotype for schizophrenia? Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.12.005

Article  Google Scholar 

Bozikas VPP, Andreou C (2011) Longitudinal studies of cognition in first episode psychosis: a systematic review of the literature. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 45(2):93–108. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2010.541418

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bubb EJ, Kinnavane L, Aggleton JP (2017) Hippocampal–diencephalic–cingulate networks for memory and emotion: an anatomical guide. Brain Neurosci Adv. https://doi.org/10.1177/2398212817723443

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Budde MD, Xie M, Cross AH et al (2009) Axial diffusivity is the primary correlate of axonal injury in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis spinal cord: a quantitative pixelwise analysis. J Neurosci 29(9):2805–2813. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4605-08.2009

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burgess N, Maguire EA, O’Keefe J (2002) The human hippocampus and spatial and episodic memory. Neuron 35:625–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00830-9

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cambridge Cognition (2016) CANTAB [Cognitive assessment software]. www.cantab.com. Accessed 7 Oct 2016

Chakravarty MM, Steadman P, van Eede MC et al (2013) Performing label-fusion-based segmentation using multiple automatically generated templates. Hum Brain Mapp 34(10):2635–2654. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.22092

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cropley VL, Klauser P, Lenroot RK et al (2017) Accelerated gray and white matter deterioration with age in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 174(3):286–295. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050610

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Della Nave R, Ginestroni A, Diciotti S et al (2011) Axial diffusivity is increased in the degenerating superior cerebellar peduncles of Friedreich’s ataxia. Neuroradiology 53(5):367–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-010-0807-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Biase MA, Cropley VL, Baune BT et al (2017) White matter connectivity disruptions in early and chronic schizophrenia. Psychol Med 47(16):2797–2810. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001313

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dolleman-ven der Weel MJ, Griffin AL, Ito HT et al (2019) The nucleus reuniens of the thalamus sits at the nexus of a hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex circuit enabling memory and behavior. Learn Mem 26:191–205. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.048389.118.Freely

Article  Google Scholar 

Douet V, Chang L (2015) Fornix as an imaging marker for episodic memory deficits in healthy aging and in various neurological disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 7:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00343

Article  Google Scholar 

Douet V, Chang L, Pritchett A et al (2014) Schizophrenia-risk variant rs6994992 in the neuregulin-1 gene on brain developmental trajectories in typically developing children. Transl Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2014.41

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Eichenbaum H (2017) Prefrontal–hippocampal interactions in episodic memory. Nat Rev Neurosci 18(9):547–558. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2017.74

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eyler Zorrilla LT, Jeste DV, Paulus M et al (2003) Functional abnormalities of medial temporal cortex during novel picture learning among patients with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 59(2–3):187–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00340-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fett AKJ, Velthorst E, Reichenberg A et al (2020) Long-term changes in cognitive functioning in individuals with psychotic disorders: findings from the suffolk county mental health project. JAMA Psychiat 77(4):387–396. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3993

Article  Google Scholar 

Fields RD (2015) A new mechanism of nervous system plasticity: activity-dependent myelination. Nat Rev Neurosci 16:756–767. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn4023

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fields RD, Bukalo O (2020) Myelin makes memories. Nat Neurosci 23:469–470. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-020-0606-x

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

First M, Spitzer R, Gibbon M et al (2002) Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR axis I disorders, research version patient. New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York

Google Scholar 

Glahn DC, Ragland JD, Abramoff A et al (2005) Beyond hypofrontality: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of working memory in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 25(1):60–69. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20138

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Godsil BP, Kiss JP, Spedding M et al (2013) The hippocampal-prefrontal pathway: the weak link in psychiatric disorders? Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 23:1165–1181

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR (1996) Effects of neuroleptic medications on the cognition of patients with schizophrenia: a review of recent studies. J Clin Psychiatry 57(Supp. 9):62–65

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldman HH, Skodol A, Lave TR (1992) Revising axis V for DSM-IV: a review of measures of social functioning. Am J Psychiatry 149:1148–1156

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Green AE, Croft RJ, Maller JJ et al (2016) White matter correlates of episodic memory encoding and retrieval in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 254:188–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.07.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Green MF, Kern RS, Braff DL et al (2000) Neurocognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia: are we measuring the ‘right stuff’? Schizophr Bull 26(1):119–136. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033430

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gur REC, Turetsky BI, Cowell PE et al (2000) Temporolimbic volume reductions in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57(8):769–775. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.57.8.769

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Habib R, Nyberg L, Tulving E (2003) Hemispheric asymmetries of memory: the HERA model revisited. Trends Cogn Sci 7(6):241–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00110-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haijma SV, Van Haren N, Cahn W et al (2013) Brain volumes in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis in over 18 000 subjects. Schizophr Bull 39(5):1129–1138. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs118

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hasan A, Wobrock T, Falkai P et al (2011) Hippocampal integrity and neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: a multidimensional study. World J Biol Psychiatry 15:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2011.620002

Article  Google Scholar 

Heckers S, Rauch SL, Goff D et al (1998) Impaired recruitment of the hippocampus during conscious recollection in schizophrenia. Nat Neurosci 1(4):318–323. https://doi.org/10.1038/1137

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK (1998) Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 12(3):426–445. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.12.3.426

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jenkinson M, Beckmann CF, Behrens TE, Woolrich MW, Smith SM (2012) FSL. Neuroimage 62(2):782–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jin J, Maren S (2015) Prefrontal-hippoc