McAndrew F, Thompson J, Fellows L, Large A, Speed M, Renfrew M. Infant feeding Survey 2010: Summary. London: Health and Social Care Information Centre; 2012.

Choi E, Park E, Kim H, Oh M, Lee N, Choi J. Survey on breastfeeding in Korea, The Korean Committee for UNICEF, Seoul. The Korean Committee for UNICEF, Seoul; 2016.

National Statistical Office, United Nations Children’s Fund. Thailand multiple indicator cluster Survey in 2019: the summary of key indicators. Bangkok: National Statistical Office: United Nations Children’s Fund; 2020.

Google Scholar 

Lee CC, Chiou ST, Chen LC, Chien LY. Breastfeeding-Friendly environmental factors and continuing breastfeeding until 6 months postpartum: 2008–2011 National Surveys in Taiwan. Birth. 2015;42(3):242–8.

Vasconcellos MTL, Silva P, Castro IRR, Boccolini CS, Alves-Santos NH, Kac G. Sampling plan of the Brazilian National Survey on child nutrition (ENANI-2019): a population-based household survey. Cad Saude Publica. 2021;37(8):e00037221.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Breastfeeding: prevalence and practices of breastfeeding in Brazilian children under 2 years of age. Brazilian National Survey on child nutrition (ENANI-2019). Electronic report. 2021. https://enani.nutricao.ufrj.br/index.php/relatorios/.

World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. In: Overview global situation. Geneva: WHO; 2022. https://covid19.who.int. Accessed 20 Feb 2022.

Google Scholar 

Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, Franca GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, et al. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. Lancet. 2016;387(10017):475–90.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lubbe W, Botha E, Niela-Vilen H, Reimers P. Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic - a literature review for clinical practice. Int Breastfeed J. 2020;15:82.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Clinical management of COVID-19: Interim guidance (27 May 2020). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, WHO; 2020.

Google Scholar 

Didikoglu A, Maharani A, Pendleton N, Canal MM, Payton A. Early life factors and COVID-19 infection in England: A prospective analysis of UK Biobank participants. Early Hum Dev. 2021;155:105326.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Verd S, Ramakers J, Vinuela I, Martin-Delgado M-I, Prohens A, Díez R. Does breastfeeding protect children from COVID-19? An observational study from pediatric services in Majorca, Spain. Int Breastfeed J. 2021;16:83.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Care for breastfeeding people. website: CDC; Jun 17, 2021.

Kotlar B, Gerson E, Petrillo S, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal health: a scoping review. Reprod Health. 2021;18:10.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Gonçalves-Ferri WA, Pereira-Cellini FM, Coca KP, Aragon DC, Nader P, et al. The impact of Coronavirus outbreak on breastfeeding guidelines among Brazilian hospitals and maternity services: a cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed J. 2021;16:30.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Busch-Hallen J, Walters D, Rowe S, Chowdhury A, Arabi M. Impact of COVID-19 on maternal and child health. Lancet Glob Health. 2020;8(10):e1257.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Spatz DL, Davanzo R, Müller JA, Powell R, Rigourd V, Yates A, et al. Promoting and protecting human milk and breastfeeding in a COVID-19 world. Front Pediatrics. 2021;8:633700.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hoying R, Badreldin N, Shah MD, Bolden JR, Cummings P, Robinson DT. Providing breastfeeding support during COVID-19: A Survey of staff experiences. J Human Lact. 2022;38:43–52.

Article  Google Scholar 

Koleilat M, Whaley SE, Clapp C. The impact of COVID-19 on breastfeeding rates in a low-income population. Breastfeed Med. 2022;17:33–7.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Yu J, Gao M, Wei Z, Wells JCK, Fewtrell M. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal delivery experiences and breastfeeding practices in China: data from a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22:104.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Tigka M, Metallinou D, Nanou C, Iliodromiti Z, Lykeridou K. Frequency and determinants of breastfeeding in Greece: a prospective cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children (Basel). 2022;9.

Mohd Shukri NH, Gan WY, Zalbahar N, Tusimin M, Mohamad NN. COVID-19 Restrictions and maternal experience and infant feeding. Nurs Res. 2022;71(2):E10–20.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization W, UNICEF. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.

Google Scholar 

Katsinde SM, Srinivas SC. Breastfeeding and the sustainable development agenda. Indian J Pharm Practice. 2016;9(3):144–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Escamilla R. Breastfeeding in the 21st century: how we can make it work. Soc Sci Med. 2020;244:112331.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-10): Breastfeeding https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-breastfeeding: WHO; 2022. Accessed 25 Feb 2022.

American Academy of Pediatrics. Management of infants born to mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. https://www.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/clinical-guidance/faqs-management-of-infants-born-to-covid-19-mothers. AAP; 2022. Accessed 4 April 2022.

Cheema R, Partridge E, Kair LR, Kuhn-Riordon KM, Silva AI, Bettinelli ME, et al. Protecting breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Perinatol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1714277.

Gross R, Conzelmann C, Muller JA, Stenger S, Steinhart K, Kirchhoff F, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human breastmilk. Lancet. 2020;395(10239):1757–8.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Gribble KD, McGrath M, MacLaine A, Lhotska L. Supporting breastfeeding in emergencies: protecting women’s reproductive rights and maternal and infant health. Disasters. 2011;35(4):720–38.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Vu Hoang D, Cashin J, Gribble K, Marinelli K, Mathisen R. Misalignment of global COVID-19 breastfeeding and newborn care guidelines with World Health Organization recommendations. BMJ Nutr Prev Health. 2020;3(2):339–50.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Swain D, Parida SP, Das H. Busting of myths and misconceptions about breast feeding during COVID-19 pandemic and its societal importance: a brisk review. Int J Reprod, Contracept, Obstet Gynecol. 2021;10:819.

Article  Google Scholar 

Simion F, Di Giorgio E, Leo I, Bardi L. The processing of social stimuli in early infancy: from faces to biological motion perception. Prog Brain Res. 2011;189:173–93.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Moberg KU, Prime DK. Oxytocin effects in mothers and infants during breastfeeding. Infant. 2013;9(6):201–6.

Google Scholar 

Brown A, Shenker N. Experiences of breastfeeding during COVID-19: Lessons for future practical and emotional support. Matern Child Nutr. 2021;17:e13088.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Costantini C, Joyce A, Britez Y. Breastfeeding experiences during the COVID-19 Lockdown in the United Kingdom: an exploratory study into maternal opinions and emotional states. J Hum Lact. 2021;37(4):649–62.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Vazquez-Vazquez A, Dib S, Rougeaux E, Wells JC, Fewtrell MS. The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the experiences and feeding practices of new mothers in the UK: preliminary data from the COVID-19 New Mum Study. Appetite. 2021;156:104985.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Piankusol C, Sirikul W, Ongprasert K, Siviroj P. Factors affecting breastfeeding practices under lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand: a Cross-Sectional Survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(16):8729.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Latorre G, Martinelli D, Guida P, Masi E, De Benedictis R, Maggio L. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on exclusive breastfeeding in non-infected mothers. Int Breastfeed J. 2021;16:36.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Vilar-Compte M, Gaitan-Rossi P, Rhodes EC, Cruz-Villalba V, Perez-Escamilla R. Breastfeeding media coverage and beliefs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico: implications for breastfeeding equity. Int J Equity Health. 2021;20:260.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Magnano San Lio R, Maugeri A, La Rosa MC, Cianci A, Panella M, Giunta G, et al. The impact of socio-demographic factors on breastfeeding: findings from the “Mamma & Bambino” Cohort. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021;52(2):103.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hornbeak DM, Dirani M, Sham WK, Li J, Young TL, Wong TY, et al. Emerging trends in breastfeeding practices in Singaporean Chinese women: findings from a population-based study. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2010;39(2):88–94.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

The World Bank (WB) and International Labour Organization (ILO). Labor force participation rate, female: ILOSTAT database 2022. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS.

Kim H, Kovach AC. Information and social support regarding breastfeeding: a Survey of mothers in Seoul, South Korea. J Korean Acad Nurs. 2001;31(7):1151–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yeo JH, Kim EY. Social policies and breastfeeding duration in South Korea: a survival analysis of the national data. Midwifery. 2022;107:103282.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Jiang B, Hua J, Wang Y, Fu Y, Zhuang Z, Zhu L. Evaluation of the impact of breast milk expression in early postpartum period on breastfeeding duration: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:268.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pang WW, Bernard JY, Thavamani G, Chan YH, Fok D, Soh SE, et al. Direct vs. expressed breast milk feeding: relation to duration of breastfeeding. Nutrients. 2017;9(6):547.

PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

McFadden A, Gavine A, Renfrew MJ, Wade A, Buchanan P, Taylor JL, et al. Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2(CD001141).

Peven K, Purssell E, Taylor C, Bick D, Lopez VK. Breastfeeding support in low and middle-income countries: secondary analysis of national survey data. Midwifery. 2020;82:102601.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Chang YS, Li KMC, Li KYC, Beake S, Lok KYW, Bick D. Relatively speaking? Partners’ and family members’ views and experiences of supporting breastfeeding: a systematic review of qualitative evidence. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1827;2021(376):20200033.

Google Scholar 

Kounnavong S, Pak-Gorstein S, Akkhavong K, Palaniappan U, Berdaga V, Conkle J, et al. Key determinants of optimal breastfeeding practices in Laos. Food Nutr Sci. 2013;4:61–70.

Google Scholar 

Thepha T, Marais D, Bell J, Mauangpin S. Facilitators and barriers to exclusive breastfeeding in Thailand. A narrative review. J Comm PubHealth Nurs. 2017;3:160.