Zhou B, Perel P, Mensah GA, Ezzati M. Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021; 18: 785–802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-021-00559-8 

Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, Riley LM, Paciorek CJ, Stevens GA, Gregg EW, et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: A pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021; 398(10304): 957–980. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1 

Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, Chen J, He J. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: A systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation. 2016; 134(6): 441–450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912 

Mills KT, Stefanescu A, He J. The global epidemiology of hypertension. Physiol Behav. 2016; 176(1): 139–148. 

Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Gupta R, Avezum A, Bahonar A, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. J Am Med Assoc. 2013; 310(9): 959–968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.184182 

World Health Organization. Indonesia: Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018 WHO. Geneva; 2018. https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/ncd-profiles-2018/en/ Accessed: December 21, 2021. 

Kemenkes RI. Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2018. Vol. 53, Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Jakarta; 2018. 

Yusuf S, Rangarajan S, Teo K, Islam S, Li W, Liu L, Bo J, et al. Cardiovascular risk and events in 17 low-, middle-, and high-income countries. N Engl J Med. 2014; 371(9): 818–827. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1311890 

Ghembaza MA, Senoussaoui Y, Tani M, Meguenni K. Impact of patient knowledge of hypertension complications on adherence to antihypertensive therapy. Curr Hypertens Rev. 2014; 10(1): 41–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/157340211001141111160653 

Turner BJ, Hollenbeak C, Weiner MG, Have TT, Roberts C. Barriers to adherence and hypertension control in a racially diverse representative sample of elderly primary care patients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009; 18(5): 672–681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.1766 

Gheorghe A, Griffiths U, Murphy A, Legido-Quigley H, Lamptey P, Perel P. The economic burden of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18(1): 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5806-x 

Finkelstein EA, Chay J, Bajpai S. The economic burden of self-reported and undiagnosed cardiovascular diseases and diabetes on Indonesian households. PLoS One. 2014; 9(6): e99572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099572 

Kardas P, Lewek P, Matyjaszczyk M. Determinants of patient adherence: A review of systematic reviews. Front Pharmacol. 2013 July; 4: 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00091 

Maimaris W, Paty J, Perel P, Legido-Quigley H, Balabanova D, Nieuwlaat R, Mckee M. The influence of health systems on hypertension awareness, treatment, and control: A systematic literature review. PLoS Med. 2013; 10(7): e1001490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001490 

Sujarwoto S, Maharani A. Participation in community-based health care interventions (CBHIs) and its association with hypertension awareness, control and treatment in Indonesia. PLoS One. 2020; 15(12): 1–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244333 

Felix C, Baldeon ME, Zertuche F, Fornasini M, Paucar MJ, Ponce L, Rangarajan S, Yusuf S, Lopez-Jaramillo P. Low levels of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Andean communities of Ecuador. J Clin Hypertens. 2020; 22(9): 1530–1537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.13982 

Peltzer K, Pengpid S. The prevalence and social determinants of hypertension among adults in Indonesia: A cross-sectional population-based national survey. Int J Hypertens; 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5610725 

Cifkova R, Fodor G, Wohlfahrt P. Changes in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in high-, middle-, and low-income countries: An update. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016; 18(8): 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-016-0669-y 

Strauss J, Witoelar F, Sikoki B. The fifth wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey: Overview and field report: Volume 1. Fifth Wave Indones Fam Life Surv Overv F Rep. 2016 March; 1: 1–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/WR1143.1 

Hussain MA, Al Mamun A, Reid C, Huxley RR. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Indonesian adults aged ≥40 years: Findings from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). PLoS One. 2016; 11(8): 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160922 

James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, Lackland DT, et al. 2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). J Am Med Assoc. 2014; 311(5): 507–520. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.284427 

McAlister FA, Wilkins K, Joffres M, Leenen FHH, Fodor G, Gee M, Tremblay MS, Walker R, Johansen H, Campbell N. Changes in the rates of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Canada over the past two decades. CMAJ. 2011; 183(9): 1007–1013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.101767 

Damasceno A, Azevedo A, Silva-Matos C, Prista A, Diogo D, Lunet N. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in mozambique: Urban/rural gap during epidemiological transition. Hypertension. 2009; 54(1): 77–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.132423 

Vrijens B, De Geest S, Hughes DA, Przemyslaw K, Demonceau J, Ruppar T, Dobbels F, et al. A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2012; 73(5): 691–705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04167.x 

Vilagut G, Forero CG, Barbaglia G, Alonso J. Screening for depression in the general population with the center for epidemiologic studies depression (ces-d): A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016; 11(5): 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155431 

Björgvinsson T, Kertz SJ, Bigda-Peyton JS, McCoy KL, Aderka IM. Psychometric properties of the CES-D-10 in a psychiatric sample. Assessment. 2013; 20(4): 429–436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113481998 

Yu L, Buysse DJ, Germain A, Moul DE, Stover A, Dodds NE, Johnston KL, Pikonis PA. Development of short forms from the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment item banks. Behav Sleep Med. 2011; 10(1): 6–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2012.636266 

Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Prevalence, social and health correlates of insomnia among persons 15 years and older in Indonesia. Psychol Heal Med. 2019; 24(6): 757–768. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2019.1566621 

IFLS-5. Buku Iii B. In: Survei Aspek Kehidupan Rumah Tangga Indonesia 2014. Jakarta: RAND; 2014. 

Dodge Y. Chi-square goodness of fit test. In: The concise encyclopedia of statistics. New York: Springer. 2008; pp. 72–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-32833-1_55 

Berkman ND, Sheridan SL, Donahue KE, Halpern DJ, Crotty K. Low health literacy and health outcomes: An updated systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2011; 155(2): 97–107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005 

Mekonnen GB, Gelayee DA. Low medication knowledge and adherence to oral chronic medications among patients attending community pharmacies: A cross-sectional study in a low-income country. Biomed Res Int. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4392058 

Gordon K, Smith F, Dhillon S. Effective chronic disease management: Patients’ perspectives on medication-related problems. Patient Educ Couns. 2007; 65(3): 407–415. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2006.09.012 

Cutler RL, Fernandez-Llimos F, Frommer M, Benrimoj C, Garcia-Cardenas V. Economic impact of medication non-adherence by disease groups: A systematic review. BMJ Open. 2018; 8(1): e016982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016982 

Ip Q, Malone DC, Chong J, Harris RB, Labiner DM. Economic impact of epilepsy and the cost of nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs in older Medicare beneficiaries. Epilepsy Behav. 2018; 80: 208–214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.01.009 

Desai R, Nayak R. Effects of medication nonadherence and comorbidity on health resource utilization in schizophrenia. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2019; 25(1): 37–44A. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2019.25.1.037 

Alfian SD, Sukandar H, Lestari K, Abdulah R. Medication adherence contributes to an improved quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A cross-sectional study. Diabetes Ther Res Treat Educ Diabetes Relat Disord. 2016; 7(4): 755–764. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-016-0203-x 

Lee JH, Kim K-IL, Cho MC. Current status and therapeutic considerations of hypertension in the elderly. Korean J Intern Med. 2019; 34(4): 687–695. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2019.196 

Kretchy I, Owusu-Daaku F, Danquah S. Spiritual and religious beliefs: Do they matter in the medication adherence behaviour of hypertensive patients? Biopsychosoc Med. 2013; 7(1): 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-7-15 

Shahin W, Kennedy GA, Stupans I. The impact of personal and cultural beliefs on medication adherence of patients with chronic illnesses: A systematic review. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2019; 13: 1019–1035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S212046 

Albuquerque UP, Ferreira Júnior WS, Sousa DCP, Reinaldo RCPS, do Nascimento ALB, Gonçalves PHS. Religiosity/spirituality matters on plant-based local medical system. J Relig Health. 2018; 57(5): 1948–1960. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0634-y 

Frazão-Moreira A. The symbolic efficacy of medicinal plants: Practices, knowledge, and religious beliefs amongst the Nalu healers of Guinea-Bissau. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2016; 12(1): 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0095-x 

Asfaw Erku D, Basazn Mekuria A. Prevalence and correlates of complementary and alternative medicine use among hypertensive patients in Gondar Town, Ethiopia. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/6987636 

Alfian SD, Sukandar H, Arisanti N, Abdulah R. Complementary and alternative medicine use decreases adherence to prescribed medication in diabetes patients. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2018; 11(5): 337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2018.10.002 

Li H, Yan X, Deng X, Yang L, Zhao S, Zou J, Luo Y, Cao S. A cross-sectional study of the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Shenzhen, China. BMJ Open. 2017; 7(6): 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015206 

Turana Y, Tengkawan J, Soenarta AA. Asian management of hypertension: Current status, home blood pressure, and specific concerns in Indonesia. J Clin Hypertens. 2020; 22(3): 483–485. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.13681 

Kiselev AR, Posnenkova OM, Belova OA, Romanchuk SV, Popova YV, Prokhorov MD, Gridnev VI. Impact of clinical factors on the achievement of target blood pressure in hypertensive patients from Ivanovo Region of Russia: Data of 2015. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2017; 24(4): 425–435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40292-017-0227-y 

Carey RM, Muntner P, Bosworth HB, Whelton PK. Prevention and control of hypertension: JACC Health Promotion Series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018; 72(11): 1278–1293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.008 

Odedosu T, Schoenthaler A, Vieira DL, Agyemang C, Ogedegbe G. Overcoming barriers to hypertension control in African Americans. Cleve Clin J Med. 2012; 79(1): 46–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.79a.11068 

Jneid S, Jabbour H, Hajj A, Sarkis A, Licha H, Hallit S, Khabbaz LR. Quality of life and its association with treatment satisfaction, adherence to medication, and trust in physician among patients with hypertension: A cross-sectional designed study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2018; 23(6): 532–542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1074248418784292 

Świątoniowska-Lonc N, Polański J, Tański W, Jankowska-Polańska B. Impact of satisfaction with physician-patient communication on self-care and adherence in patients with hypertension: Cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020; 20(1): 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05912-0 

Botha E, Gwin T, Purpora C. The effectiveness of mindfulness based programs in reducing stress experienced by nurses in adult hospital settings: a systematic review of quantitative evidence protocol. JBI database Syst Rev Implement reports. 2015; 13(10): 21–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11124/jbisrir-2015-2380 

Zhang Y, Chen Y, Ma L. Depression and cardiovascular disease in elderly: Current understanding. J Clin Neurosci. 2018; 47: 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2017.09.022 

Meng L, Chen D, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Hui R. Depression increases the risk of hypertension incidence: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Hypertens. 2012; 30(5): 842–851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e32835080b7 

Hare DL, Toukhsati SR, Johansson P, Jaarsma T. Depression and cardiovascular disease: A clinical review. Eur Heart J. 2014; 35(21): 1365–1372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht462 

Read JR, Sharpe L, Modini M, Dear BF. Multimorbidity and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017; 221: 36–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.009 

Lian Y, Zhang J, Jia CX. Sleep duration change and cognitive function: A national cohort study of Chinese people older than 45 years. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2020; 208(6): 498–504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000001159 

Hua J, Sun H, Shen Y. Improvement in sleep duration was associated with higher cognitive function: a new association. Aging (Albany NY). 2020; 12(20): 20623–20635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103948 

Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, Ramirez A, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020; 75(6): 1334–1357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026 

Odili AN, Chori BS, Danladi B, Nwakile PC, Okoye IC, Abdullahi U, Nwegbu MN, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Nigeria: Data from a nationwide survey 2017. Glob Heart. 2020; 15(1): 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.848 

Mirzaei M, Mirzaei M, Bagheri B, Dehghani A. Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension and related factors in adult Iranian population. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1): 1–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08831-1 

Olives C, Myerson R, Mokdad AH, Murray CJL, Lim SS. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in United States Counties, 2001–2009. PLoS One. 2013; 8(4): e60308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060308 

Yip W, Wong TY, Jonas JB, Zheng Y, Lamoureux EL, Nangia V, Sabanayagam C. Prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension among Asian Indians living in urban Singapore and rural India. J Hypertens. 2013; 31(8): 1539–1546. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328361d52b 

Sohn K. Sick but unaware: Hypertension in Indonesia. Soc Biodemography Soc Biol. 2015; 61(3): 298–318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2015.1091719 

Guimond AJ, Kubzansky LD, Boehm JK, Kivimaki M, Trudel-Fitzgerald C. Does life satisfaction reduce risk of incident hypertension and stroke? Evidence from the Whitehall II cohort. J Psychosom Res. 2021; 144: 1–9. November 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110414 

Christiani Y, Byles JE, Tavener M, Dugdale P. Health insurance coverage among women in Indonesia’s major cities: A multilevel analysis. Health Care Women Int. 2017; 38(3): 267–282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2016.1253697 

Gebru T, Lentiro K. The impact of community-based health insurance on health-related quality of life and associated factors in Ethiopia: A comparative cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2018; 16(1): 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-018-0946-3 

Romain M, Sprung CL. Approaches to patients and families with strong religious beliefs regarding end-of-life care. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2014; 20(6): 668–672. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000000148 

Aulia G, Halimah E, Lestari K. Pharmaceutical counseling has a positive impact on quality of life of hypertension patients. Pharmacol Clin Pharm Res. 2018; 3(1): 5–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15416/pcpr.v3i1.16449 

Graham B. Defining and measuring patient satisfaction. J Hand Surg Am. 2016; 41(9): 929–931. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.07.109 

Alfian SD, Annisa N, Fajriansyah F, Perwitasari DA, Abdulah R, Hak E, Denig P. Modifiable factors associated with non-adherence to antihypertensive or antihyperlipidemic drugs are dissimilar: A multicenter study among patients with diabetes in Indonesia. J Gen Intern Med. 2020; 35(10): 2897–2906. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05809-y 

Fenech G, Vallée A, Cherfan M, Kab S, Goldberg M, Zins M, Blacher J. Poor awareness of hypertension in France: The CONSTANCES population-based study. Am J Hypertens. 2020; 33(6): 543–551. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpaa018 

Villalva CM, Alvarez-Muiño XLL, Mondelo TG, Fachado AA, Fernández JC. Adherence to treatment in hypertension. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017; 956: 129–147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2016_77