Agin-Liebes J, Cortes E, Vonsattel JP, Marder K, Alcalay RN. Movement disorders rounds: a case of missing pathology in a patient with LRRK2 Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;74:76–7.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Alcalay RN, Mirelman A, Saunders-Pullman R, Tang MX, Mejia Santana H, Raymond D, Roos E, Orbe-Reilly M, Gurevich T, Bar Shira A, Gana Weisz M, Yasinovsky K, Zalis M, Thaler A, Deik A, Barrett MJ, Cabassa J, Groves M, Hunt AL, Lubarr N, San Luciano M, Miravite J, Palmese C, Sachdev R, Sarva H, Severt L, Shanker V, Swan MC, Soto-Valencia J, Johannes B, Ortega R, Fahn S, Cote L, Waters C, Mazzoni P, Ford B, Louis E, Levy O, Rosado L, Ruiz D, Dorovski T, Pauciulo M, Nichols W, Orr-Urtreger A, Ozelius L, Clark L, Giladi N, Bressman S, Marder KS. Parkinson disease phenotype in Ashkenazi Jews with and without LRRK2 G2019S mutations. Mov Disord. 2013;28(14):1966–71.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Alegre-Abarrategui J, Christian H, Lufino MM, Mutihac R, Venda LL, Ansorge O, Wade-Martins R. LRRK2 regulates autophagic activity and localizes to specific membrane microdomains in a novel human genomic reporter cellular model. Hum Mol Genet. 2009;18(21):4022–34.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Armstrong MJ, Okun MS. Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA. 2020;323(6):548–60.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bajpai B. High capacity vectors. In: Ravi I, Baunthiyal M, Saxena J, editors. Advances in Biotechnology. Berlin: Springer; 2014. p. 1–10.

Google Scholar 

Benamer HT, de Silva R. LRRK2 G2019S in the North African population: a review. Eur Neurol. 2010;63(6):321–5.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bichler Z, Lim HC, Zeng L, Tan EK. Non-motor and motor features in LRRK2 transgenic mice. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(7):e70249.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chang CR, Blackstone C. Dynamic regulation of mitochondrial fission through modification of the dynamin-related protein Drp1. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1201:34–9.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chen ML, Wu RM. LRRK 2 gene mutations in the pathophysiology of the ROCO domain and therapeutic targets for Parkinson’s disease: a review. J Biomed Sci. 2018;25(1):52.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

De Giorgio F, Maduro C, Fisher EMC, Acevedo-Arozena A. Transgenic and physiological mouse models give insights into different aspects of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dis Model Mech. 2019;12(1):dmm037424.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Deng X, Dzamko N, Prescott A, Davies P, Liu Q, Yang Q, Lee J-D, Patricelli MP, Nomanbhoy TK, Alessi DR. Characterization of a selective inhibitor of the Parkinson’s disease kinase LRRK2. Nat Chem Biol. 2011;7(4):203–5.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Di Fonzo A, Rohe CF, Ferreira J, Chien HF, Vacca L, Stocchi F, Guedes L, Fabrizio E, Manfredi M, Vanacore N, Goldwurm S, Breedveld G, Sampaio C, Meco G, Barbosa E, Oostra BA, Bonifati V, Italian Parkinson Genetics N. A frequent LRRK2 gene mutation associated with autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease. Lancet. 2005;365(9457):412–5.

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Dranka BP, Gifford A, McAllister D, Zielonka J, Joseph J, O’Hara CL, Stucky CL, Kanthasamy AG, Kalyanaraman B. A novel mitochondrially-targeted apocynin derivative prevents hyposmia and loss of motor function in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2(R1441G)) transgenic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 2014;583:159–64.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Dzamko N, Deak M, Hentati F, Reith AD, Prescott AR, Alessi DR, Nichols RJ. Inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity leads to dephosphorylation of Ser(910)/Ser(935), disruption of 14-3-3 binding and altered cytoplasmic localization. Biochem J. 2010;430(3):405–13.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Fan TS, Wu RM, Chen PL, Chen TF, Li HY, Lin YH, Chen CY, Chen ML, Tai CH, Lin HI, Lin CH. Clinical heterogeneity of LRRK2 p.I2012T mutation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016;33:36–43.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Gaig C, Marti MJ, Ezquerra M, Rey MJ, Cardozo A, Tolosa E. G2019S LRRK2 mutation causing Parkinson’s disease without Lewy bodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78(6):626–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Gao L, Gomez-Garre P, Diaz-Corrales FJ, Carrillo F, Carballo M, Palomino A, Diaz-Martin J, Mejias R, Vime PJ, Lopez-Barneo J, Mir P. Prevalence and clinical features of LRRK2 mutations in patients with Parkinson’s disease in southern Spain. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16(8):957–60.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Giasson BI, Covy JP, Bonini NM, Hurtig HI, Farrer MJ, Trojanowski JQ, Van Deerlin VM. Biochemical and pathological characterization of Lrrk2. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(2):315–22.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Gilks WP, Abou-Sleiman PM, Gandhi S, Jain S, Singleton A, Lees AJ, Shaw K, Bhatia KP, Bonifati V, Quinn NP, Lynch J, Healy DG, Holton JL, Revesz T, Wood NW. A common LRRK2 mutation in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Lancet. 2005;365(9457):415–6.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goodwin LO, Splinter E, Davis TL, Urban R, He H, Braun RE, Chesler EJ, Kumar V, van Min M, Ndukum J, Philip VM, Reinholdt LG, Svenson K, White JK, Sasner M, Lutz C, Murray SA. Large-scale discovery of mouse transgenic integration sites reveals frequent structural variation and insertional mutagenesis. Genome Res. 2019;29(3):494–505.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Gorostidi A, Ruiz-Martinez J, Lopez de Munain A, Alzualde A, Marti Masso JF. LRRK2 G2019S and R1441G mutations associated with Parkinson’s disease are common in the Basque Country, but relative prevalence is determined by ethnicity. Neurogenetics. 2009;10(2):157–9.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Guiler W, Koehler A, Boykin C, Lu Q. Pharmacological modulators of small GTPases of rho family in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15:661612.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Guo L, Gandhi PN, Wang W, Petersen RB, Wilson-Delfosse AL, Chen SG. The Parkinson’s disease-associated protein, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), is an authentic GTPase that stimulates kinase activity. Exp Cell Res. 2007;313(16):3658–70.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Healy DG, Falchi M, O’Sullivan SS, Bonifati V, Durr A, Bressman S, Brice A, Aasly J, Zabetian CP, Goldwurm S, Ferreira JJ, Tolosa E, Kay DM, Klein C, Williams DR, Marras C, Lang AE, Wszolek ZK, Berciano J, Schapira AH, Lynch T, Bhatia KP, Gasser T, Lees AJ, Wood NW, International L.C. Phenotype, genotype, and worldwide genetic penetrance of LRRK2-associated Parkinson’s disease: a case–control study. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(7):583–90.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Hulihan MM, Ishihara-Paul L, Kachergus J, Warren L, Amouri R, Elango R, Prinjha RK, Upmanyu R, Kefi M, Zouari M, Sassi SB, Yahmed SB, El Euch-Fayeche G, Matthews PM, Middleton LT, Gibson RA, Hentati F, Farrer MJ. LRRK2 Gly2019Ser penetrance in Arab-Berber patients from Tunisia: a case-control genetic study. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(7):591–4.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ishihara L, Warren L, Gibson R, Amouri R, Lesage S, Durr A, Tazir M, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ, Nichols WC, Griffith A, Hattori N, Leppert D, Watts R, Zabetian CP, Foroud TM, Farrer MJ, Brice A, Middleton L, Hentati F. Clinical features of Parkinson disease patients with homozygous leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 G2019S mutations. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(9):1250–4.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kachergus J, Mata IF, Hulihan M, Taylor JP, Lincoln S, Aasly J, Gibson JM, Ross OA, Lynch T, Wiley J, Payami H, Nutt J, Maraganore DM, Czyzewski K, Styczynska M, Wszolek ZK, Farrer MJ, Toft M. Identification of a novel LRRK2 mutation linked to autosomal dominant parkinsonism: evidence of a common founder across European populations. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;76(4):672–80.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Khan NL, Jain S, Lynch JM, Pavese N, Abou-Sleiman P, Holton JL, Healy DG, Gilks WP, Sweeney MG, Ganguly M, Gibbons V, Gandhi S, Vaughan J, Eunson LH, Katzenschlager R, Gayton J, Lennox G, Revesz T, Nicholl D, Bhatia KP, Quinn N, Brooks D, Lees AJ, Davis MB, Piccini P, Singleton AB, Wood NW. Mutations in the gene LRRK2 encoding dardarin (PARK8) cause familial Parkinson’s disease: clinical, pathological, olfactory and functional imaging and genetic data. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 12):2786–96.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lewis PA, Greggio E, Beilina A, Jain S, Baker A, Cookson MR. The R1441C mutation of LRRK2 disrupts GTP hydrolysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;357(3):668–71.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Li JQ, Tan L, Yu JT. The role of the LRRK2 gene in Parkinsonism. Mol Neurodegener. 2014;9:47.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Li X, Patel JC, Wang J, Avshalumov MV, Nicholson C, Buxbaum JD, Elder GA, Rice ME, Yue Z. Enhanced striatal dopamine transmission and motor performance with LRRK2 overexpression in mice is eliminated by familial Parkinson’s disease mutation G2019S. J Neurosci. 2010;30(5):1788–97.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Li X, Tan YC, Poulose S, Olanow CW, Huang XY, Yue Z. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)/PARK8 possesses GTPase activity that is altered in familial Parkinson’s disease R1441C/G mutants. J Neurochem. 2007;103(1):238–47.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Liu W, Oo TF, Wang L, Tang Y, Jackson-Lewis V, Zhou C, Geghman K, Bogdanov M, Przedborski S, Beal MF, Burke RE, Li C. Mutant LRRK2(R1441G) BAC transgenic mice recapitulate cardinal features of Parkinson’s disease. Nat Neurosci. 2009;12(7):826–8.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central