Human albumin can accommodate simultaneously two ligands at site-I.

The approximation enables FRET between the ligands.

The approximation is sensitive to red-edge excitation shift spectroscopy.

These findings explain the usual difficulty of displacing site-I ligands.

Human serum albumin (HSA) is the primary drug carrier in the blood plasma. Here, I aimed to show that two ligands can be accommodated simultaneously in the binding site-I of HSA. To do so, I studied the interaction inside the protein among site-I ligands of HSA via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), synchronous fluorescence, red edge excitation shift (REES), and induced circular dichroism (ICD). Warfarin (WAR), coumarin-153 (C153), 6-(p-toluidino)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid sodium salt (TNS), dansylglycine (DGY), and 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) were enrolled in the investigation. I found that WAR can transfer energy to C153 only in the presence of the protein. In addition, the presence of WAR at site-I altered the protein microenvironment felt by C153. The alteration was detected by measuring the synchronous fluorescence, REES, and ICD in C153. The findings were validated by measuring the energy transfer from TNS to DCM and the alteration in synchronous fluorescence and REES. FRET was not observed using WAR as donor and DGY as acceptor. The result is consistent, as DGY is a site-II ligand at a higher WAR distance. In all studied cases, the effects were only observed in the presence of HSA. In conclusion, the protein acted as a scaffold approximating the ligands. These findings prove that more than one ligand can simultaneously be complex at site-I of HSA.

Albumin

Drug binding site-I

FRET

REES

ICD

Synchronous fluorescence

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