Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, Bosaeus I, Bruera E, Fainsinger RL, et al. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:489–95.

Article  Google Scholar 

von Haehling S, Anker SD. Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2010;1:1–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tisdale MJ. Biology of cachexia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:1763–73.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Pirisi A. US researchers find key link in muscle-wasting syndrome. Lancet. 2000;356:1249.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ostan R, Lanzarini C, Pini E, Scurti M, Vianello D, Bertarelli C, et al. Inflammaging and cancer: a challenge for the Mediterranean diet. Nutrients. 2015;7:2589–621.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill F. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature. 2008;454:436–44.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Diakos CI, Charles KA, McMillan DC, Clarke SJ. Cancer-related inflammation and treatment effectiveness. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:e493-503.

Article  Google Scholar 

Patel HJ, Patel BM. TNF-α and cancer cachexia: Molecular insights and clinical implications. Life Sci. 2017;170:56–63.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Paval DR, Patton R, McDonald J, Skipworth RJE, Gallagher IJ, Laird BJ. A systematic review examining the relationship between cytokines and cachexia in incurable cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13:824–38.

Article  Google Scholar 

Arthur PG, Grounds MD, Shavlakadze T. Oxidative stress as a therapeutic target during muscle wasting: considering the complex interactions. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008;11:408–16.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Xu H, Ranjit R, Richardson A, Van Remmen H. Muscle mitochondrial catalase expression prevents neuromuscular junction disruption, atrophy, and weakness in a mouse model of accelerated sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021;12:1582–96.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shinko D, Diakos CI, Clarke SJ, Charles KA. Cancer-related systemic inflammation: the challenges and therapeutic opportunities for personalized medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017;102:599–610.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011;144:646–74.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ishizuka M, Nagata H, Takagi K, Iwasaki Y, Kubota K. Combination of platelet count and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is a useful predictor of postoperative survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2013;109:401–7.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Suzuki S, Akiyoshi T, Oba K, Otsuka F, Tominaga T, Nagasaki T, et al. Comprehensive comparative analysis of prognostic value of systemic inflammatory biomarkers for patients with stage II/III colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2020;27:844–52.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jiang Y, Xu D, Song H, Qiu B, Tian D, Li Z, et al. Inflammation and nutrition-based biomarkers in the prognosis of oesophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2021;11: e048324.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang Q, Song MM, Zhang X, Ding JS, Ruan GT, Zhang XW, et al. Association of systemic inflammation with survival in patients with cancer cachexia: results from a multicentre cohort study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021;12:1466–76.

Article  Google Scholar 

Burgassi F, Paillaud E, Poisson J, Bousquet G, Pamoukdjian F. Prognostic Value of Prospective Longitudinal CRP to Albumin Ratio among Older Outpatients with Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13.

Agha R, Abdall-Razak A, Crossley E, Dowlut N, Iosifidis C, Mathew G. STROCSS 2019 guideline: strengthening the reporting of cohort studies in surgery. Int J Surg. 2019;72:156–65.

Article  Google Scholar 

Xie H, Wei L, Liu M, Yuan G, Tang S, Gan J. Preoperative computed tomography-assessed sarcopenia as a predictor of complications and long-term prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2021;406:1775–88.

Article  Google Scholar 

Martin L, Birdsell L, Macdonald N, Reiman T, Clandinin MT, McCargar LJ, et al. Cancer cachexia in the age of obesity: skeletal muscle depletion is a powerful prognostic factor, independent of body mass index. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31:1539–47.

Article  Google Scholar 

Anoveros-Barrera A, Bhullar AS, Stretch C, Esfandiari N, Dunichand-Hoedl AR, Martins KJB, et al. Clinical and biological characterization of skeletal muscle tissue biopsies of surgical cancer patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10:1356–77.

Article  Google Scholar 

Seoudy H, Shamekhi J, Voigtländer L, Ludwig S, Frank J, Kujat T, et al. C-reactive protein to albumin ratio in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97:931–40.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang T, Ye B, Shen J. Prognostic value of albumin-related ratios in HBV-associated decompensated cirrhosis. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;36: e24338.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liao CK, Yu YL, Lin YC, Hsu YJ, Chern YJ, Chiang JM, et al. Prognostic value of the C-reactive protein to albumin ratio in colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol. 2021;19:139.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bruserud Ø, Aarstad HH, Tvedt THA. Combined C-reactive protein and novel inflammatory parameters as a predictor in cancer-what can we learn from the hematological experience? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12.

Markanday A. Acute phase reactants in infections: evidence-based review and a guide for clinicians. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2:ofv098.

Sproston NR, Ashworth JJ. Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol. 2018;9:754.

Article  Google Scholar 

Baba H, Kuwabara K, Ishiguro T, Hatano S, Matsuzawa T, Fukuchi M, et al. C-reactive protein as a significant prognostic factor for stage IV gastric cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 2013;33:5591–5.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lorton CM, Higgins L, O'Donoghue N, Donohoe C, O'Connell J, Mockler D, et al. C-reactive protein and c-reactive protein-based scores to predict survival in esophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol 2021.

Shrotriya S, Walsh D, Bennani-Baiti N, Thomas S, Lorton C. C-reactive protein is an important biomarker for prognosis tumor recurrence and treatment response in adult solid tumors: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2015;10: e0143080.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dolan RD, McSorley ST, Horgan PG, Laird B, McMillan DC. The role of the systemic inflammatory response in predicting outcomes in patients with advanced inoperable cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2017;116:134–46.

Article  Google Scholar 

Reynés G, Vila V, Martín M, Parada A, Fleitas T, Reganon E, et al. Circulating markers of angiogenesis, inflammation, and coagulation in patients with glioblastoma. J Neurooncol. 2011;102:35–41.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kemik O, Kemik AS, Begenik H, Erdur FM, Emre H, Sumer A, et al. The relationship among acute-phase responce proteins, cytokines, and hormones in various gastrointestinal cancer types patients with cachectic. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2012;31:117–25.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Van Vré EA, Bult H, Hoymans VY, Van Tendeloo VF, Vrints CJ, Bosmans JM. Human C-reactive protein activates monocyte-derived dendritic cells and induces dendritic cell-mediated T-cell activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:511–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jimenez RV, Wright TT, Jones NR, Wu J, Gibson AW, Szalai AJ. C-reactive protein impairs dendritic cell development, maturation, and function: implications for peripheral tolerance. Front Immunol. 2018;9:372.

Article  Google Scholar 

Evans DC, Corkins MR, Malone A, Miller S, Mogensen KM, Guenter P, et al. The use of visceral proteins as nutrition markers: an ASPEN position paper. Nutr Clin Pract. 2021;36:22–8.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Nazha B, Moussaly E, Zaarour M, Weerasinghe C, Azab B. Hypoalbuminemia in colorectal cancer prognosis: Nutritional marker or inflammatory surrogate? World J Gastrointest Surg. 2015;7:370–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

McMillan DC. The systemic inflammation-based Glasgow Prognostic Score: a decade of experience in patients with cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2013;39:534–40.

Article  Google Scholar