Polli, D. et al. Conical intersection dynamics of the primary photoisomerization event in vision. Nature 467, 440–443 (2010).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Engel, G. S. et al. Evidence for wavelike energy transfer through quantum coherence in photosynthetic systems. Nature 446, 782–786 (2007).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cyr, D. R. & Hayden, C. C. Femtosecond time-resolved photoionization and photoelectron spectroscopy studies of ultrafast internal conversion in 1,3,5-hexatriene. J. Chem. Phys. 104, 771–774 (1996).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Neumark, D. M. Time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of molecules and clusters. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 52, 255–277 (2001).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

von Conta, A. et al. Conical-intersection dynamics and ground-state chemistry probed by extreme-ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. Nat. Commun. 9, 3162 (2018).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Smith, A. D. et al. Mapping the complete reaction path of a complex photochemical reaction. Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 183003 (2018).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Squibb, R. J. et al. Acetylacetone photodynamics at a seeded free-electron laser. Nat. Commun. 9, 63 (2018).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Faubel, M., Steiner, B. & Toennies, J. P. Photoelectron spectroscopy of liquid water, some alcohols, and pure nonane in free micro jets. J. Chem. Phys. 106, 9013–9031 (1997).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Suzuki, Y.-I. et al. Isotope effect on ultrafast charge-transfer-to-solvent reaction from I− to water in aqueous NaI solution. Chem. Sci. 2, 1094–1102 (2011).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Elkins, M. H., Williams, H. L., Shreve, A. T. & Neumark, D. M. Relaxation mechanism of the hydrated electron. Science 342, 1496–1499 (2013).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Thürmer, S. et al. Photoelectron angular distributions from liquid water: effects of electron scattering. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 173005– (2013).

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ojeda, J., Arrell, C. A., Longetti, L., Chergui, M. & Helbing, J. Charge-transfer and impulsive electronic-to-vibrational energy conversion in ferricyanide: ultrafast photoelectron and transient infrared studies. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 71, 17052 (2017).

Article  Google Scholar 

Riley, J. W. et al. Unravelling the role of an aqueous environment on the electronic structure and ionization of phenol using photoelectron spectroscopy. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 9, 678–682 (2018).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Nishitani, J., Yamamoto, Y.-i, West, C. W., Karashima, S. & Suzuki, T. Binding energy of solvated electrons and retrieval of true UV photoelectron spectra of liquids. Sci. Adv. 5, eaaw6896 (2019).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Jordan, I., Huppert, M., Brown, M. A., van Bokhoven, J. A. & Wörner, H. J. Photoelectron spectrometer for attosecond spectroscopy of liquids and gases. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 123905 (2015).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Jordan, I. et al. Attosecond spectroscopy of liquid water. Science 369, 974–979 (2020).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Crim, F. F. Molecular reaction dynamics across the phases: similarities and differences. Faraday Discuss. 157, 9–26 (2012).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Harris, S. J. et al. Comparing molecular photofragmentation dynamics in the gas and liquid phases. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 15, 6567–6582 (2013).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Syage, J., Lambert, W. R., Felker, P., Zewail, A. & Hochstrasser, R. Picosecond excitation and trans-cis isomerization of stilbene in a supersonic jet: dynamics and spectra. Chem. Phys. Lett. 88, 266–270 (1982).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Troe, J. & Weitzel, K.-M. MNDO calculations of stilbene potential energy properties relevant for the photoisomerization dynamics. J. Chem. Phys. 88, 7030–7039 (1988).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Sension, R., Repinec, S. & Hochstrasser, R. Femtosecond laser study of energy disposal in the solution phase isomerization of stilbene. J.Chem. Phys. 93, 9185–9188 (1990).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Waldeck, D. H. Photoisomerization dynamics of stilbenes in polar solvents. J. Mol. Liq. 57, 127–148 (1993).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Nikowa, L., Schwarzer, D., Troe, J. & Schroeder, J. Viscosity and solvent dependence of low-barrier processes: photoisomerization of cis-stilbene in compressed liquid solvents. J. Chem. Phys. 97, 4827–4835 (1992).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Rodier, J. M. & Myers, A. B. cis-Stilbene photochemistry: solvent dependence of the initial dynamics and quantum yields. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 10791–10795 (1993).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Takeuchi, S. et al. Spectroscopic tracking of structural evolution in ultrafast stilbene photoisomerization. Science 322, 1073–1077 (2008).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Quenneville, J. & Martínez, T. J. Ab initio study of cis–trans photoisomerization in stilbene and ethylene. J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 829–837 (2003).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Schoenlein, R., Peteanu, L., Mathies, R. & Shank, C. The first step in vision: femtosecond isomerization of rhodopsin. Science 254, 412–415 (1991).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Willner, I. & Rubin, S. Control of the structure and functions of biomaterials by light. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 35, 367–385 (1996).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Weir, H., Williams, M., Parrish, R. M., Hohenstein, E. G. & Martínez, T. J. Nonadiabatic dynamics of photoexcited cis-stilbene using ab initio multiple spawning. J. Phys. Chem. B 124, 5476–5487 (2020).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Williams, M. et al. Unmasking the cis-stilbene phantom state via vacuum ultraviolet time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio multiple spawning. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 12, 6363–6369 (2021).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Fuß, W., Kosmidis, C., Schmid, W. & Trushin, S. The lifetime of the perpendicular minimum of cis-stilbene observed by dissociative intense-laser field ionization. Chem. Phys. Lett. 385, 423–430 (2004).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chiang, W.-Y. & Laane, J. Fluorescence spectra and torsional potential functions for trans-stilbene in its S0 and S1 (π, π*) electronic states. J. Chem. Phys. 100, 8755–8767 (1994).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Kwok, W. M. et al. Time-resolved resonance raman study of S1cis-stilbene and its deuterated isotopomers. J. Raman Spectrosc. 34, 886–891 (2003).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Kukura, P. Structural observation of the primary isomerization in vision with femtosecond-stimulated Raman. Science 310, 1006–1009 (2005).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Schapiro, I. et al. The ultrafast photoisomerizations of rhodopsin and bathorhodopsin are modulated by bond length alternation and HOOP driven electronic effects. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133, 3354–3364 (2011).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Fdez. Galván, I., Delcey, M. G., Pedersen, T. B., Aquilante, F. & Lindh, R. Analytical state-average complete-active-space self-consistent field nonadiabatic coupling vectors: implementation with density-fitted two-electron integrals and application to conical intersections. J. Chem. Theory Comput. 12, 3636–3653 (2016).

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pollak, E. Transition state theory for photoisomerization rates of trans-stilbene in the gas and liquid phases. J. Chem. Phys. 86, 3944–3949 (1987).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Chudoba, C., Riedle, E., Pfeiffer, M. & Elsaesser, T. Vibrational coherence in ultrafast excited state proton transfer. Chem. Phys. Lett. 263, 622–628 (1996).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Takeuchi, S. & Tahara, T. Femtosecond absorption study of photodissociation of diphenylcyclopropenone in solution: reaction dynamics and coherent nuclear motion. J. Chem. Phys. 120, 4768–4776 (2004).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Takeuchi, S. & Tahara, T. Coherent nuclear wavepacket motions in ultrafast excited-state intramolecular proton transfer: sub-30-fs resolved pump-probe absorption spectroscopy of 10-hydroxybenzo[h]quinoline in solution. J. Phys. Chem. A 109, 10199–10207 (2005).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Monni, R. et al. Vibrational coherence transfer in the ultrafast intersystem crossing of a diplatinum complex in solution. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, E6396–E6403 (2018).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Banin, U., Waldman, A. & Ruhman, S. Ultrafast photodissociation of I3− in solution: direct observation of coherent product vibrations. J. Chem. Phys. 96, 2416–2419 (1992).

CAS  Article