*Department of Veterans Affairs, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI

†Northwestern University, Evanston, IL

‡Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA

§University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

∥AcademyHealth, Washington, DC

¶University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME

#University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI

**University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI

††Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

‡‡The Hilltop Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD

§§University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Pittsboro NC

∥∥University of Delaware, Newark, DE

¶¶University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY

##Department of Veterans Affairs, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT

This study was supported by grant R01DA048029 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Ahrens reported receiving support from the Maine Department of Health cooperative agreement. Ms. McDuffie reported receiving grants from the Delaware Division of Medicaid and Medical Assistance. Gordon reported receiving institutional support from grants CIN 13–414 from the Department of Veterans Affairs’ Informatics, Decision-Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences (IDEAS) Center of Innovation, and 1UG1DA049444-01 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse; serving on the board of directors (not compensated) for the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), the Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA), and the International Society of Addiction Journal Editors (ISAJE); and receiving royalties from the medical online reference, UpToDate. No other disclosures were reported.

MODRN Members and Collaborators: DELAWARE - Elizabeth Brown, MD, MSHP, Medical Director, Delaware Division of Medicaid and Medical Assistance. KENTUCKY – Lindsey Hammerslag, PhD, University of Kentucky; Maik Schutze, MHS, Kentucky Office of Health Data Analytics; Angela Taylor, BS, University of Kentucky and Kentucky Office of Health Data Analytics. MAINE - David Jorgenson, MS, Maine Department of Health and Human Services; Catherine McGuire, University of Southern Maine. MARYLAND - Alyssa Brown, JD, Maryland Department of Health; Alice Middleton, JD and Cynthia Woodcock, MBA, The Hilltop Institute, University of Maryland Baltimore County. MICHIGAN - Marie LaPres, RN, JD, Michigan Medicaid; Lisa Cohn, MS, University of Michigan. NORTH CAROLINA – Anna Austin, PhD, University of North Carolina; Shannon Dowler, MD and Emma Sandoe, PhD, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services; Roderick Rose, PhD, now at University of Maryland. OHIO - Mary Applegate, MD, FAAP, FACP, Kendallyn Markman, Mark Rizzutti, MPH, MHSA, and Elizabeth Truex-Powell, PhD, Ohio Department of Medicaid; Robert Ashmead, PhD, Aimee Mack, MPH, and Emelie Bailey, MA, Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. PENNSYLVANIA - David Kelley, MD, Pennsylvania Department of Human Services; A. Everette James, JD, MBA, Chung-Chou H. Chang, PhD, Monica Costlow, JD, and Michael Sharbaugh, MPH, University of Pittsburgh. VIRGINIA - Ashley Harrell, LCSW and Lauryn Walker, PhD, RN, MPH, Virginia Department of Medical Assistance Services; Xue Zhao, PhD, Virginia Commonwealth University. WEST VIRGINIA - James Becker, MD and Cynthia Parsons, MA, Bureau for Medical Services at the West Virginia Department for Health and Human Resources; Yilin Cai, MS, MBA, West Virginia University; Nathan Pauly, PhD, formerly of West Virginia University. WISCONSIN - Steve Tyska, MD, Wisconsin Department of Health Services; Kristen Voskuil, MA, University of Wisconsin

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Correspondence to: Julie M. Donohue, PhD, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261. E-mail: [email protected].