Awasthi N, Guo S and Wagner BJ 2009 Posterior capsular opacification: a problem reduced but not yet eradicated. Arch. Ophthalmol. 127 555–562

Article  Google Scholar 

Chandler HL, Webb TR, Barden CA, et al. 2010 The effect of phosphorylated Akt inhibition on posterior capsule opacification in an ex vivo canine model. Mol. Vis. 16 2202–2214

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cufí S, Bonavia R, Vazquez-Martin A, et al. 2013 Silibinin meglumine, a water-soluble form of milk thistle silymarin, is an orally active anti-cancer agent that impedes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 60 360–368

Article  Google Scholar 

Dai X, Liu J, Zheng H, et al. 2017 Nano-formulated curcumin accelerates acute wound healing through Dkk-1-mediated fibroblast mobilization and MCP-1-mediated anti-inflammation. NPG Asia Mater. 9 368

Article  Google Scholar 

Deep G, Gangar SC, Agarwal C and Agarwal R 2011 Role of E-cadherin in antimigratory and antiinvasive efficacy of silibinin in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Prev. Res. 4 1222–1232

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Eo HJ, Park GH and Jeong JB 2016 Inhibition of wnt signaling by silymarin in human colorectal cancer cells. Biomol. Ther. 24 380–386

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ezhilarasan D, Evraerts J, Brice S, et al. 2016 Silibinin inhibits proliferation and migration of human hepatic stellate LX-2 cells. J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol. 6 167–174

Article  Google Scholar 

Fan Y, Hou T, Dan W, et al. 2020 Silibinin inhibits epithelial–mesenchymal transition of renal cell carcinoma through autophagy–dependent Wnt/β–catenin signaling. Int. J. Mol. Med. 45 1341–1350

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ganatra DA, Vasavada AR, Vidya NG, Gajjar DU and Rajkumar S 2018 Trichostatin a restores expression of adherens and tight junction proteins during transforming growth factor β-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J. Ophthal. Vis. Res. 13 274–283

Article  Google Scholar 

Guo R, Meng Q, Guo H, et al. 2016 TGF-β2 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cultured human lens epithelial cells through activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Mol. Med. Rep. 13 1105–1110

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Hales AM, Schulz MW, Chamberlain CG and Mcavoy JW 1994 TGF-β1 induces Lens cells to accumulate αsmooth muscle actin, a marker for subcapsular cataracts. Curr. Eye Res. 13 885–890

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Hogan FS, Krishnegowda NK, Mikhailova M and Kahlenberg MS 2007 Flavonoid, silibinin, inhibits proliferation and promotes cell-cycle arrest of human colon cancer. J. Surg. Res. 143 58–65

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Huang RYJ, Guilford P and Thiery JP 2012 Early events in cell adhesion and polarity during epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J. Cell Sci. 125 4417–4422

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Jiang J, Shihan MH, Wang Y and Duncan MK 2018 Lens epithelial cells initiate an inflammatory response following cataract surgery. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 59 4986–4997

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Karahan E, Er D and Kaynak S 2014 An overview of Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. Med. Hypothesis, Discov. Innov. Ophthalmol. J. 3 45–50

Google Scholar 

Kayastha F, Madhu H, Vasavada A and Johar K 2014 Andrographolide reduces proliferation and migration of lens epithelial cells by modulating PI3K/Akt pathway. Exp. Eye Res. 128 23–26

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Kim WK, Kwon Y, Jang M, et al. 2019 β-catenin activation down-regulates cell-cell junction-related genes and induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancers. Sci. Rep. 9 18440

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Kubo E, Shibata T, Singh DP and Sasaki H 2018 Roles of TGF β and FGF signals in the lens: Tropomyosin regulation for posterior capsule opacity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19 3093

Article  Google Scholar 

Li F, Sun Y, Jia J, et al. 2018 Silibinin attenuates TGF-β1-induced migration and invasion via EMT suppression and is associated with COX-2 downregulation in bladder transitional cell carcinoma. Oncol. Rep. 40 3543–3550

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li J, Ye W, Xu W, et al. 2020 Activation of autophagy inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition process of human lens epithelial cells induced by high glucose conditions. Cell. Signal. 75 109768

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Liu H, Mao Y, Xia B, et al. 2020a Curcumin inhibits proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lens epithelial cells through multiple pathways. Biomed Res. Int. 2020 6061894

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu R, Wang Q, Ding Z, et al. 2020b Silibinin augments the antifibrotic effect of valsartan through inactivation of TGF-β1 signaling in kidney. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 14 603–611

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Loh CY, Chai JY, Tang TF, et al. 2019 The E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin Switch in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: signaling, therapeutic implications, and challenges. Cells 8 1118

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Mamuya FA, Wang Y, Roop VH, et al. 2014 The roles of αV integrins in lens EMT and posterior capsular opacification. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 18 656–670

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Medici D, Hay ED and Olsen BR 2008 Snail and slug promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition through β-catenin-T-cell factor-4-dependent expression of transforming growth factor-β3. Mol. Biol. Cell 19 4875–4887

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Menko AS, Bleaken BM, Libowitz AA, et al. 2014 A central role for vimentin in regulating repair function during healing of the lens epithelium. Mol. Biol. Cell 25 776–790

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Raj SM, Vasavada AR, Johar SRK, Vasavada VA and Vasavada VA 2007 Post-operative capsular opacification: a review. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. 3 237–250

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sameri S, Saidijam M, Bahreini F and Najafi R 2020 Cancer chemopreventive activities of silibinin on colorectal cancer through regulation of E-cadherin/β-catenin pathway. Nutr. Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2020.1800764

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shirai K, Kitano-Izutani A, Miyamoto T, Tanaka SI and Saika S 2014 Wound healing and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the lens epithelium: Roles of growth factors and extracellular matrix; in Lens epithelium and posterior capsular opacification (Springer, Japan) pp. 159–174

Shukal D, Bhadresha K, Shastri B, Mehta D, Vasavada A, and Johar K 2020 Dichloroacetate prevents TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp. Eye Res. 197

Singh RP, Gu M and Agarwal R 2008a Silibinin inhibits colorectal cancer growth by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 68 2043–2050

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Singh RP, Raina K, Sharma G and Agarwal R 2008b Silibinin inhibits established prostate tumor growth, progression, invasion, and metastasis and suppresses tumor angiogenesis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model mice. Clin. Cancer Res. 14 7773–7780

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Valenta T, Hausmann G and Basler K 2012 The many faces and functions of Î 2-catenin. EMBO J. 31 2714–2736

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Wernecke L, Keckeis S, Reichhart N, Strauß O and Salchow DJ 2018 Epithelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation in pediatric lens epithelial cells. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 59 5785–5794

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Wertheimer CM, Shajari M, Kohnen T, et al. 2018 Comparison of fibrotic response in the human lens capsular bag after femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery and conventional phacoemulsification. J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 44 750–755

Article  Google Scholar 

Wormstone IM and Eldred JA 2016 Experimental models for posterior capsule opacification research. Exp. Eye Res. 142 2–12

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Wu K, Zeng J, Li L, et al. 2010 Silibinin reverses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in metastatic prostate cancer cells by targeting transcription factors. Oncol. Rep. 23 1545–1552

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Wu K, Ning Z, Zeng J, et al. 2013 Silibinin inhibits β-catenin/ZEB1 signaling and suppresses bladder cancer metastasis via dual-blocking epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness. Cell. Signal. 25 2625–2633

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Xu S, Zhang H, Wang A, et al. 2020 Silibinin suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human non-small cell lung cancer cells by restraining RHBDD1. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 25 36

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Yao K, Ye PP, Tan J, Tang XJ and Shen Tu XC 2008 Involvement of PI3K/Akt pathway in TGF-β2-mediated epithelial mesenchymal transition in human lens epithelial cells. Ophthal. Res. 40 69–76

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang YE 2017 Non-Smad signaling pathways of the TGF-β family. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol. 9 a022129

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Shemezis JR, McQuinn ER, et al. 2013 AKT activation by N-cadherin regulates beta-catenin signaling and neuronal differentiation during cortical development. Neural Dev. 8 7

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhu XX, Ding YH, Wu Y, et al. 2016 Silibinin: a potential old drug for cancer therapy. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 9 1323–1330

CAS  Article  Google Scholar