World Health Organaization. Dementia. 2021. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia.

Cabinet Office GoJ. Situation on ageing: current state and trends on the elderly and their environment. Annual Report on the Ageing Society. 2017. https://www8.cao.go.jp/kourei/whitepaper/w-2017/zenbun/29pdf_index.html.

Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimer’s Dement: J Alzheimer’s Assoc 2013;9:63–75. e2

Article  Google Scholar 

Ministry of Health Labour, and Welfare, Japan. National Health and Nutrition Survey. 2019. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/10900000/000687163.pdf.

Lu Y, An Y, Lv C, Ma W, Xi Y, Xiao R. Dietary soybean isoflavones in Alzheimer’s disease prevention. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2018;27:946–54.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soni M, Rahardjo TB, Soekardi R, Sulistyowati Y, Lestariningsih, Yesufu-Udechuku A, et al. Phytoestrogens and cognitive function: a review. Maturitas 2014;77:209–20.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Smith AD, Refsum H, Bottiglieri T, Fenech M, Hooshmand B, McCaddon A, et al. Homocysteine and Dementia: An International Consensus Statement. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;62:561–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

Talaei M, Feng L, Yuan JM, Pan A, Koh WP. Dairy, soy, and calcium consumption and risk of cognitive impairment: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59:1541–52.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Huang MH, Luetters C, Buckwalter GJ, Seeman TE, Gold EB, Sternfeld B, et al. Dietary genistein intake and cognitive performance in a multiethnic cohort of midlife women. Menopause (N. Y, NY). 2006;13:621–30.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nakamoto M, Otsuka R, Nishita Y, Tange C, Tomida M, Kato Y, et al. Soy food and isoflavone intake reduces the risk of cognitive impairment in elderly Japanese women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72:1458–62.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

An R, Liu G, Khan N, Yan H, Wang Y. Dietary habits and cognitive impairment risk among oldest-old Chinese. J Gerontol Ser B, Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2019;74:474–83.

Google Scholar 

White LR, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, Masaki K, Hardman J, Nelson J, et al. Brain aging and midlife tofu consumption. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000;19:242–55.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Yamagishi K, Muraki I, Kubota Y, Hayama-Terada M, Imano H, Cui R, et al. The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS): A long-term epidemiological study for lifestyle-related disease among Japanese men and women living in communities. J Epidemiol. 2019;29:83–91.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ikeda A, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Yao M, Noda H, et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of disabling dementia in a Japanese rural community: a nested case-control study. Cerebrovasc Dis (Basel, Switz). 2008;25:324–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Health and Welfare Bureau for the Elderly of Japan Standardized assessment manual for the levels of activity daily living deficiencies among elderly with dementia ([in Japanese]). 1993.

Noda H, Yamagishi K, Ikeda A, Asada T, Iso H. Identification of dementia using standard clinical assessments by primary care physicians in Japan. Geriatrics Gerontol Int. 2018;18:738–44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Imano H, Iso H, Kiyama M, Yamagishi K, Ohira T, Sato S, et al. Non-fasting blood glucose and risk of incident coronary heart disease in middle-aged general population: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). Preve Med. 2012;55:603–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Iso H, Terao A, Kitamura A, Sato S, Naito Y, Kiyama M, et al. Calcium intake and blood pressure in seven Japanese populations. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133:776–83.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ministry of Education C, Sports, Science and Technology. Standard tables of food compusition in Japan. Japan: Office Gazette Co-operation of Japan; 2015.

Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:1220S–8S.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Imano H, Iso H, Kitamura A, Yamagishi K, Hayama-Terada M, Muraki I, et al. Nonfasting Glucose and Incident Stroke and Its Types　- The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). Circulation J: Off J Jpn Circulation Soc. 2018;82:1598–604.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Yamagishi K, Maruyama K, Ikeda A, Nagao M, Noda H, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of incident disabling dementia: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study. Nutr Neurosci. 2022;6:1–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kritz-Silverstein D, Von Mühlen D, Barrett-Connor E, Bressel MA. Isoflavones and cognitive function in older women: the SOy and Postmenopausal Health In Aging (SOPHIA) Study. Menopause. 2003;10:196–202.

Article  Google Scholar 

Arai Y, Uehara M, Sato Y, Kimira M, Eboshida A, Adlercreutz H, et al. Comparison of isoflavones among dietary intake, plasma concentration and urinary excretion for accurate estimation of phytoestrogen intake. J Epidemiol. 2000;10:127–35.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Akaza H, Miyanaga N, Takashima N, Naito S, Hirao Y, Tsukamoto T, et al. Comparisons of Percent Equol Producers between Prostate Cancer Patients and Controls: Case-controlled Studies of Isoflavones in Japanese, Korean and American Residents. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2004;34:86–89.

Article  Google Scholar 

Toda T, Sakamoto A, Takayanagi T, Yokotsuka K. Changes in Isoflavone Compositions of Soybean Foods during Cooking Process. Food Sci Technol Res. 2000;6:314–9.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Izumi T, Piskula MK, Osawa S, Obata A, Tobe K, Saito M, et al. Soy Isoflavone Aglycones Are Absorbed Faster and in Higher Amounts than Their Glucosides in Humans. J Nutr. 2000;130:1695–9.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Feng JF, He LL, Li D, Yuan LH, Yu HL, Ma WW, et al. Antagonizing effects of soybean isoflavones on β-Amyloid peptide-induced oxidative damage in neuron mitochondria of Rarts. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012;111:248–53.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

LeBlanc E, Janowsky J, Chan B, Nelson H. Hormone replacement therapy and cognitionsystematic review and meta-analysis. Jama 2001;285:1489–99.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Cui C, Birru RL, Snitz BE, Ihara M, Kakuta C, Lopresti BJ, et al. Effects of soy isoflavones on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev. 2020;78:134–44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Blom HJ, Smulders Y. Overview of homocysteine and folate metabolism. With special references to cardiovascular disease and neural tube defects. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2011;34:75–81.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Agnew-Blais JC, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kang JH, Hogan PE, Coker LH, Snetselaar LG, et al. Folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 intake and mild cognitive impairment and probable dementia in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. J Acad Nutr Dietetics. 2015;115:231–41.

Article  Google Scholar 

Morris MC, Wang Y, Barnes LL, Bennett DA, Dawson-Hughes B, Booth SL. Nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables and cognitive decline: Prospective study. Neurology. 2018;90:e214–e222.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Corrada MM, Kawas CH, Hallfrisch J, Muller D, Brookmeyer R. Reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease with high folate intake: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Alzheimer’s Dement: J Alzheimer’s Assoc. 2005;1:11–8.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Miller J, Green R, Mayeux R. Relation of higher folate intake to lower risk of Alzheimer disease in the elderly. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:86–92.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lefevre-Arbogast S, Feart C, Dartigues JF, Helmer C, Letenneur L, Samieri C. Dietary B Vitamins and a 10-year risk of dementia in older persons. Nutrients. 2016; 8:761.

Durga J, van Boxtel MP, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Jolles J, Katan MB, et al. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369:208–16.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Maruyama K, Kubota Y, Sato S, Ishikawa Y, Shimamoto T, Inagawa M, et al. The reproducibility of 24-h dietary recall for estimating mineral intakes and their food sources among middle-aged Japanese men and women. Int J food Sci Nutr. 2009;60:30–40.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Nagahata T, Nakamura M, Ojima T, Kondo I, Ninomiya T, Yoshita K, et al. Relationships among Food Group Intakes, Household Expenditure, and Education Attainment in a General Japanese Population: NIPPON DATA2010. J Epidemiol. 2018;28:S23–S2.

Article  Google Scholar