Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(1):7–30.

Article  Google Scholar 

Malato Y, Willenbring H. The MAP3K TAK1: a chock block to liver cancer formation. Hepatology. 2010;52(4):1506–9.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sala M, Llovet JM, Vilana R, Bianchi L, Sole M, Ayuso C, Bru C, Bruix J. Barcelona clinic liver cancer G: Initial response to percutaneous ablation predicts survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2004;40(6):1352–60.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L, Wilkie D, McNabola A, Rong H, Chen C, Zhang X, Vincent P, McHugh M, et al. BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2004;64(19):7099–109.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kudo M. Immune checkpoint blockade in hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer. 2015;4(4):201–7.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang B, Finn RS. Personalized clinical trials in hepatocellular carcinoma based on biomarker selection. Liver Cancer. 2016;5(3):221–32.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

El-Serag HB, Marrero JA, Rudolph L, Reddy KR. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(6):1752–63.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Herraez E, Lozano E, Macias RI, Vaquero J, Bujanda L, Banales JM, Marin JJ, Briz O. Expression of SLC22A1 variants may affect the response of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma to sorafenib. Hepatology. 2013;58(3):1065–73.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Leung MS, Chan KK, Dai WJ, Wong CY, Au KY, Wong PY, Wong CC, Lee TK, Ng IO, Kao WJ, et al. Anti-tumour effects of PIM kinase inhibition on progression and chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Pathol. 2020;252(1):65–76.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bhagyaraj E, Ahuja N, Kumar S, Tiwari D, Gupta S, Nanduri R, Gupta P. TGF-beta induced chemoresistance in liver cancer is modulated by xenobiotic nuclear receptor PXR. Cell Cycle. 2019;18(24):3589–602.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Lingala S, Khoobyari S, Nolta J, Zern MA, Wu J. Epithelial mesenchymal transition and hedgehog signaling activation are associated with chemoresistance and invasion of hepatoma subpopulations. J Hepatol. 2011;55(4):838–45.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Wu H, Xing X, Ma Y, Ji S, Xu X, Zhao X, Wang S, Jiang W, Fang C, et al. CD13 induces autophagy to promote hepatocellular carcinoma cell chemoresistance through the P38/Hsp27/CREB/ATG7 pathway. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2020;374(3):512–20.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Luo Y, Zheng S, Wu Q, Wu J, Zhou R, Wang C, Wu Z, Rong X, Huang N, Sun L, et al. Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) EIF3J-DT induces chemoresistance of gastric cancer via autophagy activation. Autophagy. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1901204.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou Y, Hu Y, Yang M, Jat P, Li K, Lombardo Y, Xiong D, Coombes RC, Raguz S, Yague E. The miR-106b ~ 25 cluster promotes bypass of doxorubicin-induced senescence and increase in motility and invasion by targeting the E-cadherin transcriptional activator EP300. Cell Death Differ. 2014;21(3):462–74.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Gao W, Guo H, Niu M, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Xue X, Bo Y, Guan X, Li Z, Guo Y, et al. circPARD3 drives malignant progression and chemoresistance of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting autophagy through the PRKCI-Akt-mTOR pathway. Mol Cancer. 2020;19(1):166.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chaudhary AK, Mondal G, Kumar V, Kattel K, Mahato RI. Chemosensitization and inhibition of pancreatic cancer stem cell proliferation by overexpression of microRNA-205. Cancer Lett. 2017;402:1–8.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Shen XY, Zheng LL, Huang J, Kong HF, Chang YJ, Wang F, Xin H. CircTRNC18 inhibits trophoblast cell migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by regulating miR-762/Grhl2 pathway in pre-eclampsia. RNA Biol. 2019;16(11):1565–73.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Liu XH, Sun M, Nie FQ, Ge YB, Zhang EB, Yin DD, Kong R, Xia R, Lu KH, Li JH, et al. Lnc RNA HOTAIR functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate HER2 expression by sponging miR-331-3p in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer. 2014;13:92.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Lee TK, Castilho A, Cheung VC, Tang KH, Ma S, Ng IO. CD24(+) liver tumor-initiating cells drive self-renewal and tumor initiation through STAT3-mediated NANOG regulation. Cell Stem Cell. 2011;9(1):50–63.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Zeng SS, Yamashita T, Kondo M, Nio K, Hayashi T, Hara Y, Nomura Y, Yoshida M, Hayashi T, Oishi N, et al. The transcription factor SALL4 regulates stemness of EpCAM-positive hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2014;60(1):127–34.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Schmidt R, Plath K. The roles of the reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2 and Klf4 in resetting the somatic cell epigenome during induced pluripotent stem cell generation. Genome Biol. 2012;13(10):251.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Ling S, Shan Q, Zhan Q, Ye Q, Liu P, Xu S, He X, Ma J, Xiang J, Jiang G, et al. USP22 promotes hypoxia-induced hepatocellular carcinoma stemness by a HIF1alpha/USP22 positive feedback loop upon TP53 inactivation. Gut. 2020;69(7):1322–34.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Jiang J, Ye F, Yang X, Zong C, Gao L, Yang Y, Zhao Q, Han Z, Wei L. Peri-tumor associated fibroblasts promote intrahepatic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by recruiting cancer stem cells. Cancer Lett. 2017;404:19–28.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Liu ZH, Bai MJ, Li JQ, Yan SH, Ye XW, Bu JG, Chen CY. Correlation between inflammatory cytokines and liver cancer stem cell markers in DEN-induced liver cancer rats. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(2):710–21.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Zhao W, Li S, Lv M, Yang X, Li M, Zhang Z. CXCL11 promotes self-renewal and tumorigenicity of alpha2delta1(+) liver tumor-initiating cells through CXCR3/ERK1/2 signaling. Cancer Lett. 2019;449:163–71.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Chen G, Han Z, Cheng H, Qiao L, Li Y. Erratum: IL-6/STAT3 signaling contributes to sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma through targeting cancer stem cells [Corrigendum]. OncoTargets Ther. 2020;13:12253–4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lau EY, Lo J, Cheng BY, Ma MK, Lee JM, Ng JK, Chai S, Lin CH, Tsang SY, Ma S, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts regulate tumor-initiating cell plasticity in hepatocellular carcinoma through c-Met/FRA1/HEY1 signaling. Cell Rep. 2016;15(6):1175–89.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang C, Huang S, Zhuang H, Ruan S, Zhou Z, Huang K, Ji F, Ma Z, Hou B, He X. YTHDF2 promotes the liver cancer stem cell phenotype and cancer metastasis by regulating OCT4 expression via m6A RNA methylation. Oncogene. 2020;39(23):4507–18.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ma S, Lee TK, Zheng BJ, Chan KW, Guan XY. CD133 + HCC cancer stem cells confer chemoresistance by preferential expression of the Akt/PKB survival pathway. Oncogene. 2008;27(12):1749–58.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cheung ST, Cheung PF, Cheng CK, Wong NC, Fan ST. Granulin-epithelin precursor and ATP-dependent binding cassette (ABC)B5 regulate liver cancer cell chemoresistance. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(1):344–55.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Hou H, Kang Y, Li Y, Zeng Y, Ding G, Shang J. miR-33a expression sensitizes Lgr5 + HCC-CSCs to doxorubicin via ABCA1. Neoplasma. 2017;64(1):81–91.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lu AQ, Lv B, Qiu F, Wang XY, Cao XH. Upregulation of miR-137 reverses sorafenib resistance and cancer-initiating cell phenotypes by degrading ANT2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2017;37(4):2071–8.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Zheng Z, Liu J, Yang Z, Wu L, Xie H, Jiang C, Lin B, Chen T, Xing C, Liu Z, et al. MicroRNA-452 promotes stem-like cells of hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting Sox7 involving Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Oncotarget. 2016;7(19):28000–12.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Ma S, Tang KH, Chan YP, Lee TK, Kwan PS, Castilho A, Ng I, Man K, Wong N, To KF, et al. miR-130b Promotes CD133(+) liver tumor-initiating cell growth and self-renewal via tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1. Cell Stem Cell. 2010;7(6):694–707.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Conigliaro A, Costa V, Lo Dico A, Saieva L, Buccheri S, Dieli F, Manno M, Raccosta S, Mancone C, Tripodi M, et al. CD90 + liver cancer cells modulate endothelial cell phenotype through the release of exosomes containing H19 lncRNA. Mol Cancer. 2015;14:155.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Tsang WP, Kwok TT. Riboregulator H19 induction of MDR1-associated drug resistance in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncogene. 2007;26(33):4877–81.

CAS  PubMed  Article