Barsa P, Suchomel P, Buchvald P, Kolárová E, Svobodník A. Multiple-level instrumented anterior cervical fusion: a risk factor for pseudoarthrosis? A prospective study with a minimum of 3-year follow-up. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2004;71(3):137–41.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nouri A, Tetreault L, Singh A, Karadimas SK, Fehlings MG. Degenerative cervical myelopathy: epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis. Spine. 2015;40(12):E675-693. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000000913.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saifi C, Fein AW, Cazzulino A, et al. Trends in resource utilization and rate of cervical disc arthroplasty and anterior cervical discectomy and fusion throughout the United States from 2006 to 2013. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2018;18(6):1022–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2017.10.072.

Article  Google Scholar 

Stieber JR, Brown K, Donald GD, Cohen JD. Anterior cervical decompression and fusion with plate fixation as an outpatient procedure. Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc. 2005;5(5):503–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2005.01.011.

Article  Google Scholar 

Perez-Roman RJ, Luther EM, McCarthy D, et al. National trends and correlates of dysphagia after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion surgery. Neurospine. 2021;18(1):147–54. https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2040452.226.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maroon JC, Bost JW, Petraglia AL, et al. Outcomes after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in professional athletes. Neurosurgery. 2013;73(1):103–12. https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000429843.68836.91 (discussion 112).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Omidi-Kashani F, GhayemHasankhani E, Ghandehari R. Impact of age and duration of symptoms on surgical outcome of single-level microscopic anterior cervical discectomy and fusion in the patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy. Neurosci J. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/808596.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee R, Lee D, Gowda NB, et al. Increased rates of septic shock, cardiac arrest, and mortality associated with chronic steroid use following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for cervical stenosis. Int J Spine Surg. 2020;14(5):649–56. https://doi.org/10.14444/7095.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Singh K, Marquez-Lara A, Nandyala SV, Patel AA, Fineberg SJ. Incidence and risk factors for dysphagia after anterior cervical fusion. Spine. 2013;38(21):1820–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a3dbda.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Epstein NE. A review of complication rates for Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion (ACDF). Surg Neurol Int. 2019;10:100. https://doi.org/10.25259/SNI-191-2019.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yue WM, Brodner W, Highland TR. Persistent swallowing and voice problems after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with allograft and plating: a 5- to 11-year follow-up study. Eur Spine J Off Publ Eur Spine Soc Eur Spinal Deform Soc Eur Sect Cerv Spine Res Soc. 2005;14(7):677–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-004-0849-3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Segebarth B, Datta JC, Darden B, et al. Incidence of dysphagia comparing cervical arthroplasty and ACDF. SAS J. 2010;4(1):3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esas.2009.12.001.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rihn JA, Kane J, Albert TJ, Vaccaro AR, Hilibrand AS. What is the incidence and severity of dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery? Clin Orthop. 2011;469(3):658–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-010-1731-8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leonard R, Belafsky P. Dysphagia following cervical spine surgery with anterior instrumentation: evidence from fluoroscopic swallow studies. Spine. 2011;36(25):2217–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e318205a1a7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Miles A, Jamieson G, Shasha L, Davis K. Characterizing dysphagia after spinal surgery. J Spinal Cord Med. 2021;44(5):733–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790268.2019.1665613.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wewel JT, Brahimaj BC, Kasliwal MK, Traynelis VC. Perioperative complications with multilevel anterior and posterior cervical decompression and fusion. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3171/2019.6.SPINE198.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yin DH, Yang XM, Huang Q, et al. Pharyngoesophageal perforation 3 years after anterior cervical spine surgery: a rare case report and literature review. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Off J Eur Fed Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Soc EUFOS Affil Ger Soc Oto-Rhino-Laryngol—Head Neck Surg. 2015;272(8):2077–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-014-3483-7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shem K, Castillo K, Wong S, Chang J. Dysphagia in individuals with tetraplegia: incidence and risk factors. J Spinal Cord Med. 2011;34(1):85–92. https://doi.org/10.1179/107902610X12911165974981.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krnacik MJ, Heggeness MH. Severe angioedema causing airway obstruction after anterior cervical surgery. Spine. 1997;22(18):2188–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199709150-00019.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olsson EC, Jobson M, Lim MR. Risk factors for persistent dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery. Orthopedics. 2015;38(4):e319-323. https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20150402-61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sarbinowska J, Wiatrak B, Waśko-Czopnik D. Esophageal motility disorders in the natural history of acid-dependent causes of dysphagia and their influence on patients’ quality of life-a prospective cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21):11138. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111138.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elsamadicy AA, Koo AB, David WB, et al. Ramifications of postoperative dysphagia on health care resource utilization following elective anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Clin Spine Surg. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1097/BSD.0000000000001241.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cameron K, Lawless MH, Conway R, et al. Risk factors for dysphagia following a cervical fusion in a trauma population. Cureus. 2018. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.3489.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nguyen S, Sherrod BA, Paziuk TM, et al. Predictors of dysphagia after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a prospective multicenter study. Spine. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000004279.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wilson JRF, Badhiwala JH, Jiang F, et al. The impact of older age on functional recovery and quality of life outcomes after surgical decompression for degenerative cervical myelopathy: results from an ambispective, propensity-matched analysis from the CSM-NA and CSM-I international, multi-center studies. J Clin Med. 2019;8(10):E1708. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8101708.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azizkhanian I, Rothbaum M, Alcantara R, et al. Demographics and outcomes of interhospital neurosurgical transfer patients undergoing spine surgery. World Neurosurg. 2020;144:e221–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2020.08.080.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dicpinigaitis AJ, Hanft S, Cooper JB, et al. Comparative associations of baseline frailty status and age with postoperative mortality and duration of hospital stay following metastatic brain tumor resection. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-021-10138-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Walid MS, Robinson JS. Economic impact of comorbidities in spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14(3):318–21. https://doi.org/10.3171/2010.11.SPINE10139.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel AJ, Sivaganesan A, Bollo RJ, Brayton A, Luerssen TG, Jea A. Assessment of the impact of comorbidities on perioperative complications in pediatric neurosurgery. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;13(5):579–82. https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.1.PEDS13372.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eskesen V, Rosenørn J, Schmidt K. The impact of rebleeding on the life time probabilities of different outcomes in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms a theoretical evaluation. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1988;95(3–4):99–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01790768.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Dominguez JF, Shah S, Ampie L, et al. Spinal epidural abscess patients have higher modified frailty indexes than back pain patients on emergency room presentation: a single-center retrospective case-control study. World Neurosurg. 2021;152:e610–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2021.06.035.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mitnitski AB, Mogilner AJ, Rockwood K. Accumulation of deficits as a proxy measure of aging. Scientific World J. 2001;1:323–36. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.58.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ng C, Dominguez JF, Hosein-Woodley R, et al. Utility of frailty as a predictor of acute kidney injury in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Interv Neuroradiol J Peritherapeutic Neuroradiol Surg Proced Relat Neurosci. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1177/15910199221076626.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wilson JRF, Badhiwala JH, Moghaddamjou A, Yee A, Wilson JR, Fehlings MG. Frailty is a better predictor than age of mortality and perioperative complications after surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy: an analysis of 41,369 patients from the NSQIP database 2010–2018. J Clin Med. 2020;9(11):E3491. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113491.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adams P, Ghanem T, Stachler R, Hall F, Velanovich V, Rubinfeld I. Frailty as a predictor of morbidity and mortality in inpatient head and neck surgery. JAMA Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg. 2013;139(8):783–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2013.3969.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kazim SF, Dicpinigaitis AJ, Bowers CA, et al. Frailty status is a more robust predictor than age of spinal tumor surgery outcomes: a NSQIP analysis of 4,662 patients. Neurospine. 2022. https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.2142770.385.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ali R, Schwalb JM, Nerenz DR, Antoine HJ, Rubinfeld I. Use of the modified frailty index to predict 30-day morbidity and mortality from spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;25(4):537–41. https://doi.org/10.3171/2015.10.SPINE14582.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fisher C, Tee J. Editorial: the utility of the modified frailty index for risk stratification in patients undergoing spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;25(4):535–6. https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.1.SPINE151261.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmed AK, Goodwin CR, De la Garza-Ramos R, et al. Predicting short-term outcome after surgery for primary spinal tumors based on patient frailty. World Neurosurg. 2017;108:393–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.034.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar