Geiger, B., Spatz, J. P. & Bershadsky, A. D. Environmental sensing through focal adhesions. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 21–33 (2009).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cukierman, E., Pankov, R., Stevens, D. R. & Yamada, K. M. Taking cell–matrix adhesions to the third dimension. Science 294, 1708–1712 (2001).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Doyle, A. D. & Yamada, K. M. Mechanosensing via cell-matrix adhesions in 3D microenvironments. Exp. Cell Res. 343, 60–66 (2016).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Changede, R., Cai, H., Wind, S. J. & Sheetz, M. P. Integrin nanoclusters can bridge thin matrix fibres to form cell–matrix adhesions. Nat. Mater. 18, 1366–1375 (2019).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Erickson, B. et al. Nanoscale structure of type I collagen fibrils: quantitative measurement of D-spacing. Biotechnol. J. 8, 117–126 (2013).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Früh, S. M., Schoen, I., Ries, J. & Vogel, V. Molecular architecture of native fibronectin fibrils. Nat. Commun. 6, 1–10 (2015).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mossman, K. D., Campi, G., Groves, J. T. & Dustin, M. L. Altered TCR signaling from geometrically repatterned immunological synapses. Science 310, 1191–1193 (2005).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lee, K.-H. et al. T cell receptor signaling precedes immunological synapse formation. Science 295, 1539–1542 (2002).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Morrison, S. J. & Kimble, J. Asymmetric and symmetric stem-cell divisions in development and cancer. Nature 441, 1068–1074 (2006).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Moya, I. M. & Halder, G. Hippo–YAP/TAZ signalling in organ regeneration and regenerative medicine. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 20, 211–226 (2019).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Davalos, D. et al. ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 752–758 (2005).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Papenfort, K. & Bassler, B. L. Quorum sensing signal–response systems in Gram-negative bacteria. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 14, 576–588 (2016).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Lindner, M. et al. A fast and simple contact printing approach to generate 2D protein nanopatterns. Front. Chem. 7, 655 (2019).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Huang, Y., Tran, H. & Ober, C. K. High-resolution nanopatterning of free-standing, self-supported helical polypeptide rod brushes via electron beam lithography. ACS Macro Lett. 10, 755–759 (2021).

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Han, P. et al. Five piconewtons: the difference between osteogenic and adipogenic fate choice in human mesenchymal stem cells. ACS Nano 13, 11129–11143 (2019).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Killops, K. L. et al. Nanopatterning biomolecules by block copolymer self-assembly. ACS Macro Lett. 1, 758–763 (2012).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

M, A. et al. Activation of integrin function by nanopatterned adhesive interfaces. Chemphyschem 5, 383–388 (2004).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cai, H. et al. Full control of ligand positioning reveals spatial thresholds for T cell receptor triggering. Nat. Nanotechnol. 13, 610–617 (2018).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Lohm€, T. et al. Supported membranes embedded with fixed arrays of gold nanoparticles. Nano Lett. 11, 37 (2011).

Google Scholar 

Cai, H. et al. Molecular occupancy of nanodot arrays. ACS Nano 10, 4173–4183 (2016).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chighizola F, M. et al. The glycocalyx affects force loading-dependent mechanotransductive topography sensing at the nanoscale. Preprint at https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.02.433591v2 (2021).

Schulte, C. et al. Conversion of nanoscale topographical information of cluster-assembled zirconia surfaces into mechanotransductive events promotes neuronal differentiation. J. Nanobiotechnol. 14, 1–24 (2016).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Elias, C. N., Lima, J. H. C., Valiev, R. & Meyers, M. A. Biomedical applications of titanium and its alloys. JOM 60, 46–49 (2008). 2008 603.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Paschalis, E. I. et al. In vitro and in vivo assessment of titanium surface modification for coloring the backplate of the Boston keratoprosthesis. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 54, 3863–3873 (2013).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sidambe, A. T. & Oh, J. K. Biocompatibility of advanced manufactured titanium implants—a review. Materials 7, 8168–8188 (2014).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Quinn, R. K. & Armstrong, N. R. Electrochemical and surface analytical characterization of titanium and titanium hydride thin film electrode oxidation. J. Electrochem. Soc. 125, 1790–1796 (1978).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ponader, S. et al. Effects of topographical surface modifications of electron beam melted Ti-6Al-4V titanium on human fetal osteoblasts. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 84, 1111–1119 (2008).

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Haslauer, C. M. et al. In vitro biocompatibility of titanium alloy discs made using direct metal fabrication. Med. Eng. Phys. 32, 645–652 (2010).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Guasch, J. et al. Synthesis of binary nanopatterns on hydrogels for initiating cellular responses. Chem. Mater. 28, 1806–1815 (2016).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ziental, D. et al. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: prospects and applications in medicine. Nanomaterials 10, 387 (2020).

CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Rajh, T., Dimitrijevic, N. M. & Rozhkova, E. A. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in advanced imaging and nanotherapeutics. Methods Mol. Biol. 726, 63–75 (2011).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Rechenmacher, F. et al. A molecular toolkit for the functionalization of titanium-based biomaterials that selectively control integrin-mediated cell adhesion. Chemistry 19, 9218–9223 (2013).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Svensson, F. G., Daniel, G., Tai, C.-W., Seisenbaeva, G. A. & Kessler, V. G. Titanium phosphonate oxo-alkoxide ‘clusters’: solution stability and facile hydrolytic transformation into nano titania. RSC Adv. 10, 6873–6883 (2020).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Eriksson, A. I. K., Edwards, K., Hagfeldt, A. & Hernández, V. A. Physicochemical characterization of phosphopeptide/titanium dioxide interactions employing the quartz crystal microbalance technique. J. Phys. Chem. B 117, 2019–2025 (2013).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Glass, R., Möller, M. & Spatz, J. P. Block copolymer micelle nanolithography. Nanotechnology 14, 1153 (2003).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Harris, J. M. Poly (ethylene glycol) Chemistry: Biotechnical and Biomedical Applications (Springer Science & Business Media, 1992).

Jain, A., Liu, R., Xiang, Y. K. & Ha, T. Single-molecule pull-down for studying protein interactions. Nat. Protoc. 7, 445–452 (2012).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Blümmel, J. et al. Protein repellent properties of covalently attached PEG coatings on nanostructured SiO2-based interfaces. Biomaterials 28, 4739–4747 (2007).

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhu, B., Eurell, T., Gunawan, R. & Leckband, D. Chain-length dependence of the protein and cell resistance of oligo(ethylene glycol)-terminated self-assembled monolayers on gold. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 56, 406–416 (2001).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cai, H. & Wind, S. J. Improved glass surface passivation for single-molecule nanoarrays. Langmuir 32, 10034–10041 (2016).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Persson, F. et al. Lipid-based passivation in nanofluidics. Nano Lett. 12, 2260–2265 (2012).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Patterson, G. H. & Lippincott-Schwartz, J. A photoactivatable GFP for selective photolabeling of proteins and cells. Science 297, 1873–1877 (2002).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Durisic, N., Laparra-Cuervo, L., Sandoval-Álvarez, Á., Borbely, J. S. & Lakadamyali, M. Single-molecule evaluation of fluorescent protein photoactivation efficiency using an in vivo nanotemplate. Nat. Methods 11, 156–162 (2014).