Association between migraine and cognitive impairment

Study characteristics

Supplementary Fig. 1 showed the inclusion and exclusion process. Tables 2 and 3 showed study characteristics. N = 22 studies [7, 10,11,12,13, 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35] (including 3295 migraine patients) investigated cognitive function in both migraine and HCs. These studies included N = 4 cohort studies and N = 18 cross-sectional studies. N = 11 studies [14,15,16, 36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43] included N = 3 case-control studies [14, 16, 36] (including 12,871 dementia patients and 56,365 no dementia participants) and N = 8 cohort studies [15, 37,38,39,40,41,42,43] (including 47,942 migraine patients and 190,024 HCs) investigated the association between migraine and risk of dementia.

Table 2 Characteristics of studies regarding comparison in various cognition between migraine group and no migraine groupTable 3 Characteristics of studies regarding association between migraine and risk of dementiameta-analysis resultsComparison in general cognitive function

Meta-analysis showed a lower general cognitive function in migraine group, compared to no migraine group with a random effects model (standard mean difference (SMD) = − 0.40, 95% CI = − 0.66 to − 0.15, I2 = 92.8%, p < 0.001, Fig. 1). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in general cognitive function between migraine group and no migraine group in Caucasian, whereas migraine group showed a lower general cognitive function in migraine group, compared to no migraine group in Asian (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2. A). Subgroup analysis showed a lower general cognitive function in migraine group, compared to no migraine group in cross-sectional studies (Supplementary Table 2 and Supplementary Fig. 2. B). Meta-regression analysis showed that age of migraine, gender of migraine, disease duration of migraine, attack frequency of migraine and pain intensity were not responsible for the heterogeneity across studies (Supplementary Table 3). Sensitivity analysis indicated no changes in the direction of effect when anyone study was excluded (Supplementary Fig. 3. A). Begg’s test, Egger’s tests and funnel plots indicated a significant risk of publication bias (Supplementary Table 4 and Supplementary Fig. 3. B).

Fig. 1figure 1

Forest plots regarding comparison in general cognitive function between migraine group and no migraine group. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SMD, standard mean difference

Comparison in language function

Meta-analysis showed a lower language function in migraine group, compared to no migraine group with a random effects model (SMD = − 0.14, 95% CI = − 0.27 to − 0.00, I2 = 65.1%, p = 0.001, Fig. 2). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in language function between migraine group and no migraine group in Caucasian (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 4. A). Subgroup analysis showed a lower language function in migraine group, compared to no migraine group in cross-sectional studies (Supplementary Table 2 and Supplementary Fig. 4. B). Meta-regression analysis showed that age of migraine was responsible for the heterogeneity across studies, whereas gender of migraine, disease duration of migraine, attack frequency of migraine, duration of migraine attack and pain intensity were not responsible for the heterogeneity across studies (Supplementary Table 3). Sensitivity analysis indicated no changes in the direction of effect when anyone study was excluded (Supplementary Fig. 5. A). Begg’s test, Egger’s tests and funnel plots indicated no significant risk of publication bias (Supplementary Table 4 and Supplementary Fig. 5. B).

Fig. 2figure 2

Forest plots regarding comparison in language function between migraine group and no migraine group. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SMD, standard mean difference

Comparison in visuospatial function

In addition, meta-analysis showed no significant difference in visuospatial function between migraine group and no migraine group with a random effects model (SMD = − 0.23, 95% CI = − 0.53 to 0.08, I2 = 56.1%, p = 0.077, Fig. 3). Subgroup analysis showed a lower visuospatial function in migraine group, compared to no migraine group in Caucasian (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 6). Meta-regression analysis showed that age of migraine, gender of migraine, disease duration of migraine and attack frequency of migraine were not responsible for the heterogeneity across studies (Supplementary Table 3).

Fig. 3figure 3

Forest plots regarding comparison in visuospatial function between migraine group and no migraine group. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SMD, standard mean difference

Comparison in attention function

However, no significant difference in attention between migraine group and no migraine group with random effects models (SMD = − 0.01, 95% CI = − 0.10 to 0.08, I2 = 52.6%, p = 0.002, Fig. 4). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in attention between migraine group and no migraine group in Caucasian (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 7. A). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in attention between migraine group and no migraine group in cross-sectional studies (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 7. B). Meta-regression analysis showed that age of migraine and gender of migraine were responsible for the heterogeneity across studies, whereas disease duration of migraine, attack frequency of migraine, duration of migraine attack and pain intensity were not responsible for the heterogeneity across studies (Supplementary Table 3). Sensitivity analysis indicated no changes in the direction of effect when anyone study was excluded (Supplementary Fig. 8. A). Begg’s test, Egger’s tests and funnel plots indicated no significant risk of publication bias (Supplementary Table 4 and Supplementary Fig. 8. B).

Fig. 4figure 4

Forest plots regarding comparison in attention between migraine group and no migraine group. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SMD, standard mean difference

Comparison in executive function

Meta-analysis showed no significant difference in executive function between migraine group and no migraine group with random effects models (SMD = − 0.05, 95% CI = − 0.16 to 0.05, I2 = 54.7%, p = 0.001, Fig. 5). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in executive function between migraine group and no migraine group in Caucasian (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 9. A). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in executive function between migraine group and no migraine group in cross-sectional and cohort studies (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 9. B). Meta-regression analysis showed that gender of migraine was responsible for the heterogeneity across studies, whereas age of migraine, disease duration of migraine, attack frequency of migraine, duration of migraine attack and pain intensity were not responsible for the heterogeneity across studies (Supplementary Table 3). Sensitivity analysis indicated no changes in the direction of effect when anyone study was excluded (Supplementary Fig. 10. A). Begg’s test, Egger’s tests and funnel plots indicated no significant risk of publication bias (Supplementary Table 4 and Supplementary Fig. 10. B).

Fig. 5figure 5

Forest plots regarding comparison in executive function between migraine group and no migraine group. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SMD, standard mean difference

Comparison in memory function

Meta-analysis showed no significant difference in memory between migraine group and no migraine group with random effects models (SMD = − 0.14, 95% CI = − 0.30 to 0.03, I2 = 82.5%, p < 0.001, Fig. 6). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in memory between migraine group and no migraine group in Caucasian, whereas migraine group showed a lower memory function, compared to no migraine group in Asian (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 11. A). Subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in memory between migraine group and no migraine group in cross-sectional studies (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 11. B). Meta-regression analysis showed that age of migraine, gender of migraine, disease duration of migraine, attack frequency of migraine and duration of migraine were not responsible for the heterogeneity across studies (Supplementary Table 3). Sensitivity analysis indicated no changes in the direction of effect when anyone study was excluded (Supplementary Fig. 12. A). Begg’s test, Egger’s tests and funnel plots indicated no significant risk of publication bias (Supplementary Table 4 and Supplementary Fig. 12. B).

Fig. 6figure 6

Forest plots regarding comparison in memory between migraine group and no migraine group. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SMD, standard mean difference

Association between migraine and risk of dementia

The meta-analysis showed a significant association between migraine and risk of dementia with a random effects model (OR/RR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.52, I2 = 83.5%, p < 0.001, Fig. 7). Subgroup analysis showed no significant association between migraine and risk of dementia in Caucasian, whereas a significant association between migraine and risk of dementia was showed in Asian (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 13. A). Subgroup analysis showed a significant association between migraine and risk of dementia in cohort studies (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 13. B). Meta-regression analysis showed that age of migraine and gender of migraine were not responsible for the heterogeneity across studies (Supplementary Table 3).

Fig. 7figure 7

Forest plots regarding association between migraine and risk of dementia. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; RR, relative risk

However, the study showed no significant association between migraine without aura (MWoA) and risk of dementia with a random effects model (OR/RR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.19, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.453, Supplementary Fig. 14. A). In addition, the study showed significant associations between migraine and risk of vascular dementia (VaD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with random effects models (VaD: OR/RR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.88, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.423, Supplementary Fig. 14. B; AD: OR/RR = 2.60, 95% CI 1.51 to 4.48, I2 = 43.8%, p = 0.169, Supplementary Fig. 14. C).

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif