Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J (2020) Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes—global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J epidemiol glob health 10:107–111

Article  Google Scholar 

Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, Colagiuri S, Guariguata L, Motala AA, Ogurtsova K, Shaw JE, Bright D, Williams R, Committee IDFDA (2019) Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the international diabetes federation diabetes atlas, 9(th) edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 157:107843

Article  Google Scholar 

Fan Y, Wei F, Lang Y, Liu Y (2016) Diabetes mellitus and risk of hip fractures: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 27:219–228

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Holloway-Kew KL, Betson A, Rufus-Membere PG, Gaston J, Diez-Perez A, Kotowicz MA, Pasco JA (2021) Impact microindentation in men with impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes. Bone 142:115685

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Samakkarnthai P, Sfeir JG, Atkinson EJ, Achenbach SJ, Wennberg PW, Dyck PJ, Tweed AJ, Volkman TL, Amin S, Farr JN, Vella A, Drake MT, Khosla S (2020) Determinants of bone material strength and cortical porosity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105:e3718-3729

Article  Google Scholar 

Nilsson AG, Sundh D, Johansson L, Nilsson M, Mellström D, Rudäng R, Zoulakis M, Wallander M, Darelid A, Lorentzon M (2017) Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is associated with better bone microarchitecture but lower bone material strength and poorer physical function in elderly women: a population-based study. J Bone Miner Res 32:1062–1071

Article  Google Scholar 

Shanbhogue VV, Hansen S, Frost M, Jørgensen NR, Hermann AP, Henriksen JE, Brixen K (2016) Compromised cortical bone compartment in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with microvascular disease. Eur J Endocrinol 174:115–124

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Burghardt AJ, Issever AS, Schwartz AV, Davis KA, Masharani U, Majumdar S, Link TM (2010) High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomographic imaging of cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:5045–5055

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Patsch JM, Burghardt AJ, Yap SP, Baum T, Schwartz AV, Joseph GB, Link TM (2013) Increased cortical porosity in type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women with fragility fractures. J Bone Miner Res 28:313–324

Article  Google Scholar 

Schousboe JT, Morin SN, Kline GA, Lix LM, Leslie WD (2022) Differential risk of fracture attributable to type 2 diabetes mellitus according to skeletal site. Bone 154:116220

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Osima M, Kral R, Borgen TT, Høgestøl IK, Joakimsen RM, Eriksen EF, Bjørnerem Å (2017) Women with type 2 diabetes mellitus have lower cortical porosity of the proximal femoral shaft using low-resolution CT than nondiabetic women, and increasing glucose is associated with reduced cortical porosity. Bone 97:252–260

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Karim L, Mo-ulton J, Van Vliet M, Velie K, Robbins A, Malekipour F, Abdeen A, Ayres D, Bouxsein ML (2018) Bone microarchitecture, biomechanical properties, and advanced glycation end-products in the proximal femur of adults with type 2 diabetes. Bone 114:32–39

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Cirovic A, Vujacic M, Petrovic B, Cirovic A, Zivkovic V, Nikolic S, Djonic D, Bascarevic Z, Djuric M, Milovanovic P (2022) Vascular complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus additionally increase the risk of femoral neck fractures due to deteriorated trabecular microarchitecture. Calcif Tissue Int 110:65–73

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Piccoli A, Cannata F, Strollo R, Pedone C, Leanza G, Russo F, Greto V, Isgrò C, Quattrocchi CC, Massaroni C, Silvestri S, Vadalà G, Bisogno T, Denaro V, Pozzilli P, Tang SY, Silva MJ, Conte C, Papalia R, Maccarrone M, Napoli N (2020) Sclerostin regulation, microarchitecture, and advanced glycation end-products in the bone of elderly women with type 2 diabetes. J Bone Miner Res 35:2415–2422

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Sihota P, Yadav RN, Dhaliwal R, Bose JC, Dhiman V, Neradi D, Karn S, Sharma S, Aggarwal S, Goni VG, Mehandia V, Vashishth D, Bhadada SK, Kumar N (2021) Investigation of mechanical, material, and compositional determinants of human trabecular bone quality in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106:e2271–e2289

Article  Google Scholar 

Djuric M, Djonic D, Milovanovic P, Nikolic S, Marshall R, Marinkovic J, Hahn M (2010) Region-specific sex-dependent pattern of age-related changes of proximal femoral cancellous bone and its implications on differential bone fragility. Calcif Tissue Int 86:192–201

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Milovanovic P, Djonic D, Marshall RP, Hahn M, Nikolic S, Zivkovic V, Amling M, Djuric M (2012) Micro-structural basis for particular vulnerability of the superolateral neck trabecular bone in the postmenopausal women with hip fractures. Bone 50:63–68

Article  Google Scholar 

Maillard C, Berruyer M, Serre CM, Dechavanne M, Delmas PD (1992) Protein-S, a vitamin K-dependent protein, is a bone matrix component synthesized and secreted by osteoblasts. Endocrinology 130:1599–1604

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bellows CG, Reimers SM, Heersche JNM (1999) Expression of mRNAs for type-I collagen, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and osteopontin at different stages of osteoblastic differentiation and their regulation by 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cell Tissue Res 297:249–259

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Khosla S, Samakkarnthai P, Monroe DG, Farr JN (2021) Update on the pathogenesis and treatment of skeletal fragility in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 17:685–697

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Farr JN, Drake MT, Amin S, Melton LJ 3rd, McCready LK, Khosla S (2014) In vivo assessment of bone quality in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. J Bone Miner Res 29:787–795

Article  Google Scholar 

Boivin G, Bala Y, Doublier A, Farlay D, Ste-Marie LG, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD (2008) The role of mineralization and organic matrix in the microhardness of bone tissue from controls and osteoporotic patients. Bone 43:532–538

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Zani L, Erani P, Grassi L, Taddei F, Cristofolini L (2015) Strain distribution in the proximal human femur during in vitro simulated sideways fall. J Biomech 48:2130–2143

Article  Google Scholar 

Cirovic A, Cirovic A, Djonic D, Zivkovic V, Nikolic S, Djuric M, Milovanovic P (2020) Three-dimensional microstructural basis for differential occurrence of subcapital versus basicervical hip fractures in men. Calcif Tissue Int 107:240–248

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Jadzic J, Milovanovic P, Cvetkovic D, Ivovic M, Tomanovic N, Bracanovic M, Zivkovic V, Nikolic S, Djuric M, Djonic D (2021) Mechano-structural alteration in proximal femora of individuals with alcoholic liver disease: implications for increased bone fragility. Bone 150:116020

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Yin B, Guo JL, Wang JZ, Li S, Liu YK, Zhang YZ (2019) Bone material properties of human phalanges using vickers indentation. Orthop Surg 11:487–492

Article  Google Scholar 

Durlak JA (2009) How to select, calculate, and interpret effect sizes. J Pediatr Psychol 34:917–928

Article  Google Scholar 

de Bakker PM, Manske SL, Ebacher V, Oxland TR, Cripton PA, Guy P (2009) During sideways falls proximal femur fractures initiate in the superolateral cortex: evidence from high-speed video of simulated fractures. J Biomech 42:1917–1925

Article  Google Scholar 

Kral R, Osima M, Borgen TT, Vestgaard R, Richardsen E, Bjørnerem Å (2017) Increased cortical porosity and reduced cortical thickness of the proximal femur are associated with nonvertebral fracture independent of fracture risk assessment tool and garvan estimates in postmenopausal women. PLoS ONE 12:e0185363

Article  Google Scholar 

McCalden RW, McGeough JA, Barker MB, Court-Brown CM (1993) Age-related changes in the tensile properties of cortical bone. The relative importance of changes in porosity, mineralization, and microstructure. J Bone Joint Surg Am 75:1193–1205

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Endo D, Ogami-Takamura K, Imamura T, Saiki K, Murai K, Okamoto K, Tsurumoto T (2020) Reduced cortical bone thickness increases stress and strain in the female femoral diaphysis analyzed by a CT-based finite element method: implications for the anatomical background of fatigue fracture of the femur. Bone Rep 13:100733–100733

Article  Google Scholar 

Sundh D, Mellström D, Nilsson M, Karlsson M, Ohlsson C, Lorentzon M (2015) Increased cortical porosity in older men with fracture. J Bone Miner Res 30:1692–1700

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Sundh D, Nilsson AG, Nilsson M, Johansson L, Mellstrom D, Lorentzon M (2017) Increased cortical porosity in women with hip fracture. J Intern Med 281:496–506

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Wölfel EM, Jähn-Rickert K, Schmidt FN, Wulff B, Mushumba H, Sroga GE, Püschel K, Milovanovic P, Amling M, Campbell GM, Vashishth D, Busse B (2020) Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus show dimorphic and heterogeneous patterns of loss in femoral bone quality. Bone 140:115556

Article  Google Scholar 

Sassi F, Buondonno I, Luppi C, Spertino E, Stratta E, Di Stefano M, Ravazzoli M, Isaia G, Trento M, Passera P, Porta M, Isaia GC, D’Amelio P (2018) Type 2 diabetes affects bone cells precursors and bone turnover. BMC Endocr Disord 18:55

Article  Google Scholar 

Ly FS, Proctor A, Hoffseth K, Yang HT, Hansma PK (2020) Significant correlation of bone material strength index as measured by the osteoprobe with vickers and rockwell hardness. Rev Sci Instrum 91:084102

CAS  Article  Google Scholar