aDivision of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa

bClinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa

cDepartment of Critical Care, Lakeridge Health Corporation, Oshawa, Ontario, Canada

dAdult Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital

eNational Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK

fDivision of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada

gInterdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto

hKeenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

iSorbonne Université, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition

jService de Médecine Intensive-Réanimation, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut de Cardiologie, Paris, France

kDivision of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

lCenter for Acute Respiratory Failure, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA

Correspondence to Dr. Shannon M. Fernando, Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. E-mail: [email protected]