Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA).

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Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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After asthma: redefining airways diseases.

Lancet. 391: 350-400Woodruff P. van den Berge M. Boucher R. et al.

American Thoracic Society/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Asthma–Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Overlap Workshop Report.

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What is asthma−COPD overlap syndrome? Towards a consensus definition from a round table discussion.

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Update on Asthma-COPD Overlap (ACO): A Narrative Review.

Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 16: 1783-1799

Asthma and smoking-induced airway disease without spirometric COPD.

Eur Respir J. 49: 1602061Han M.K. Agusti A. Celli B.R. et al.

From GOLD 0 to Pre-COPD.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 203: 414-423

Asthma with a Smoking History and Pre–Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 204: 109-110WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco use 2000-2025. 4th edition. World Health Organization, Geneva (Switzerland) () ()To T. Stanojevic S. Moores G. et al.

Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings from the cross-sectional world health survey.

BMC Public Health. 12: 204Nissen F. Douglas I.J. Müllerová H. et al.

Clinical profile of predefined asthma phenotypes in a large cohort of UK primary care patients (Clinical Practice Research Datalink).

J Asthma Allergy. 12: 7-19Alshabanat A. Zafari Z. Albanyan O. et al.

Asthma and COPD Overlap Syndrome (ACOS): A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis.

PLoS One. 10: e0136065Marcon A. Locatelli F. Dharmage S.C. et al.

The coexistence of asthma and COPD: risk factors, clinical history and lung function trajectories.

Eur Respir J. 58: 2004656Soriano J.B. Kendrick P.J. Paulson K.R. et al.

Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.

Lancet Respir Med. 8: 585-596Sadatsafavi M. Tavakoli H. Kendzerska T. et al.

History of asthma in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. a comparative study of economic burden.

Ann Am Thorac Soc. 13: 188-196To T. Zhu J. Gray N. et al.

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap in women. incidence and risk factors.

Ann Am Thorac Soc. 15: 1304-1310Clatworthy J. Price D. Ryan D. et al.

The value of self-report assessment of adherence, rhinitis and smoking in relation to asthma control.

Prim Care Resp J. 18: 300-305Bhatt S.P. Anderson J.A. Brook R.D. et al.

Cigarette smoking and response to inhaled corticosteroids in COPD.

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Blood eosinophils and treatment response with triple and dual combination therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: analysis of the IMPACT trial.

Lancet Respir Med. 7: 745-756

Asthma COPD Overlap PRO-CON Debate. ACO: The Mistaken Term.

COPD. 17: 474-476Lange P. Celli B. Agustí A. et al.

Lung-Function Trajectories Leading to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

N Engl J Med. 373: 111-122Baarnes C.B. Andersen Z.J. Tjønneland A. et al.

Determinants of incident asthma-COPD overlap: a prospective study of 55,110 middle-aged adults.

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Chronic airway obstruction in a population-based adult asthma cohort: Prevalence, incidence and prognostic factors.

Respir Med. 138: 115-122Morgan B.W. Grigsby M.R. Siddharthan T. et al.

Epidemiology and risk factors of asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap in low- and middle-income countries.

J Allergy Clin Immunol. 143: 1598-1606Kiljander T. Helin T. Venho K. et al.

Prevalence of asthma–COPD overlap syndrome among primary care asthmatics with a smoking history: a cross-sectional study.

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A 15-Year Follow-Up Study of Ventilatory Function in Adults with Asthma.

N Engl J Med. 339: 1194-1200Aanerud M. Carsin A.-E. Sunyer J. et al.

Interaction between asthma and smoking increases the risk of adult airway obstruction.

Eur Respir J. 45: 635-643Perret J.L. Dharmage S.C. Matheson M.C. et al.

The Interplay between the Effects of Lifetime Asthma, Smoking, and Atopy on Fixed Airflow Obstruction in Middle Age.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 187: 42-48James A.L. Palmer L.J. Kicic E. et al.

Decline in Lung Function in the Busselton Health Study: The Effects of Asthma and Cigarette Smoking.

Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 171: 109-114Tommola M. Ilmarinen P. Tuomisto L.E. et al.

The effect of smoking on lung function: a clinical study of adult-onset asthma.

Eur Respir J. 48: 1298-1306Backman H. Lindberg A. Hedman L. et al.

FEV1 decline in relation to blood eosinophils and neutrophils in a population-based asthma cohort.

World Allergy Organ J. 13: 100110Putcha N. Fawzy A. Matsui E.C. et al.

Clinical Phenotypes of Atopy and Asthma in COPD: A Meta-analysis of SPIROMICS and COPDGene.

Chest. 158: 2333-2345Thomson N. Chaudhuri R. Messow C.M. et al.

Chronic cough and sputum production are associated with worse clinical outcomes in stable asthma.

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Co-occurring risk factors for current cigarette smoking in a U.S. nationally representative sample.

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Do community demographics, environmental characteristics and access to care affect risks of developing ACOS and mortality in people with asthma?.

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Self-management practices of smokers with asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional survey.

COPD Res Prac. 3: 3To T. Zhu J. Larsen K. et al.

Progression from asthma to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. is air pollution a risk factor?.

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An Official American Thoracic Society Public Policy Statement: Novel Risk Factors and the Global Burden of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

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Early-Life Origins of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

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Determinants and impact of suboptimal asthma control in Europe: The INTERNATIONAL CROSS-SECTIONAL AND LONGITUDINAL ASSESSMENT ON ASTHMA CONTROL (LIAISON) study.

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Asthma-specific health related quality of life of people in Great Britain: A national survey.

J Asthma. 53: 975-982Bloom C.I. Nissen F. Douglas I.J. et al.

Exacerbation risk and characterisation of the UK’s asthma population from infants to old age.

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Clinical outcomes and inflammatory biomarkers in current smokers and exsmokers with severe asthma.

J Allergy Clin Immunol. 131: 1008-1016Tommola M. Ilmarinen P. Tuomisto L.E. et al.

Cumulative effect of smoking on disease burden and multimorbidity in adult-onset asthma.

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Asthma-COPD Overlap Phenotypes and Smoking :Comparative features of asthma in smoking or non-smoking patients with an incomplete reversibility of airway obstruction.

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Longitudinal comparison of outcomes in patients with smoking-related asthma-COPD overlap and in non-smoking asthmatics with incomplete reversibility of airway obstruction.

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Asthma COPD overlap: Impact of associated comorbidities.

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Comorbidities in Difficult-to-Control Asthma.

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Comparative prevalence of co-morbidities in smoking and non-smoking asthma patients with incomplete reversibility of airway obstruction, non-smoking asthma patients with complete reversibility of airway obstruction and COPD patients.

Respir Med. 125: 82-88Charokopos A. Braman S.S. Brown S.A.W. et al.

Lung cancer risk among patients with asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap.

Ann Am Thorac Soc. 18: 1894-1900Engelkes M. de Ridder M. Svensson E. et al.

Multinational cohort study of mortality in patients with asthma and severe asthma.

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How cigarette smoke skews immune responses to promote infection, lung disease and cancer.

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Inflammatory mechanisms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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Tobacco Smoke Induces and Alters Immune Responses in the Lung Triggering Inflammation, Allergy, Asthma and Other Lung Diseases: A Mechanistic Review.

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Beyond type 2 cytokines in asthma - new insights from old clinical trials.

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Glucocorticoid receptor alpha to beta ratio in blood mononuclear cells is reduced in cigarette smokers.

J Allergy Clin Immunol. 114: 1475-1478

Update on the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

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T2-high” in severe asthma related to blood eosinophil, exhaled nitric oxide and serum periostin.

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Distinct Phenotypes of Smokers with Fixed Airflow Limitation Identified by Cluster Analysis of Severe Asthma.

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Sex-Specific Asthma Phenotypes, Inflammatory Patterns, and Asthma Control in a Cluster Analysis.

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Asthma-COPD Overlap: Clinical Relevance of Genomic Signatures of Type 2 Inflammation in COPD.

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Transcriptomic signature of asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap in whole blood.

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Th-2 signature in chronic airway diseases: towards the extinction of asthma−COPD overlap syndrome?.

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Systemic Inflammation in Older Adults With Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome.

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Treatable traits: a new paradigm for 21st century management of chronic airway diseases: Treatable Traits Down Under International Workshop report.

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A Proposed Approach to Chronic Airway Disease (CAD) Using Therapeutic Goals and Treatable Traits: A Look to the Future.

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Results from a community-based program evaluating the effect of changing smoking status on asthma symptom control.

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Effects of smoking cessation and reduction in asthmatics.

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The effect of smoking cessation on airway inflammation in young asthma patients.

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Effects of smoking cessation on lung function and airway inflammation in smokers with asthma.

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Smoking prevalence, behaviours, and cessation among individuals with COPD or asthma.

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Statement on smoking cessation in COPD and other pulmonary diseases and in smokers with comorbidities who find it difficult to quit.

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External validity of randomised controlled trials in asthma: to whom do the results of the trials apply?.

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Underrepresentation of Blacks, Smokers, and Obese patients in Studies of Monoclonal Antibodies for Asthma.

J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 8: 739-741

Challenges in the management of asthma associated with smoking-induced airway diseases.

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Efficacy of low and high dose inhaled corticosteroid in smokers versus non-smokers with mild asthma.

Thorax. 60: 282-287Pedersen S.E. Bateman E.D. Bousquet J. et al.

Determinants of response to fluticasone propionate and salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination in the Gaining Optimal Asthma control study.

J Allergy Clin Immunol. 120: 1036-1042Jo Y.S. Hwang Y.I. Yoo K.H. et al.

Effect of Inhaled Corticosteroids on Exacerbation of Asthma-COPD Overlap According to Different Diagnostic Criteria.

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Combination long-acting β-agonists and inhaled corticosteroids compared with long-acting β-agonists alone in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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Comparative safety and effectiveness of inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids for treating asthma–COPD overlap: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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A Randomized, Noninferiority Trial Comparing ICS + LABA with ICS + LABA + LAMA in Asthma-COPD Overlap (ACO) Treatment: The ACO Treatment with Optimal Medications (ATOMIC) Study.

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Anti-IL-5 therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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The importance of real-life research in respiratory medicine: manifesto of the Respiratory Effectiveness Group.

Eur Respir J. 54: 1901511

Asthma Guidelines and Smokers; it's time to be inclusive.

Chest. 141: 286-288