Synovium.

in: Kelley and Firestein’s textbook of rheumatology. 10th edition. WB Saunders, : 20-33Goldring S.R. Goldring M.B.

Biology of the normal joint.

in: Firestein G.S. Budd R.C. Gabriel S.E. Kelley and Firestein’s Textbook of Rheumatology. 10th edition. WB Saunders, : 1-19Acanfora C. Bruno F. Palumbo P. et al.

Diagnostic and interventional radiology fundamentals of synovial pathology.

Acta Bio Med Atenei Parm. 91: 107Krenn V. Morawietz L. Häupl T. et al.

Grading of chronic synovitis: a histopathological grading system for molecular and diagnostic pathology.

Pathol Res Pract. 198: 317-325Hemke R. van den Berg J.M. Nusman C.M. et al.

Contrast-enhanced MRI findings of the knee in healthy children; establishing normal values.

Eur Radiol. 28: 1167Riis R.G.C. Gudbergsen H. Henriksen M. et al.

Synovitis assessed on static and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and its association with pain in knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study.

Eur J Radiol. 85: 1099-1108

American College of Radiology ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Chronic Extremity Joint Pain-Suspected Inflammatory Arthritis. Available at: https://acsearch.acr.org/list. Accessed December 20, 2021.

American College of Radiology ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Clinical Condition: Suspected Osteomyelitis, Septic Arthritis, or Soft Tissue Infection (Excluding Spine and Diabetic Foot). Available at: https://acsearch.acr.org/list. Accessed December 20, 2021.

Roemer F.W. Kassim Javaid M. Guermazi A. et al.

Anatomical distribution of synovitis in knee osteoarthritis and its association with joint effusion assessed on non-enhanced and contrast-enhanced MRI.

Osteoarthr Cartil. 18: 1269-1274Hayashi D. Roemer F. Guermazi A.

Imaging for osteoarthritis.

Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 59: 161-169Guermazi A. Roemer F. Hayashi D. et al.

Assessment of synovitis with contrast-enhanced MRI using a whole-joint semiquantitative scoring system in people with, or at high risk of, knee osteoarthritis: the MOST study.

Ann Rheum Dis. 70: 805-811Singson R.D. Zalduondo F.M.

Value of unenhanced spin-echo MR imaging in distinguishing between synovitis and effusion of the knee.

Am J Roentgenol. 159: 569-571Beltran J. Caudill J.L. Herman L.A. et al.

Rheumatoid arthritis: MR imaging manifestations.

Radiology. 165: 153-157Bjorkengren A.G. Geborek P. Rydholm U. et al.

MR imaging of the knee in acute rheumatoid arthritis: synovial uptake of gadolinium-DOTA.

Am J Roentgenol. 155: 329-332Feller J. Rishi M. Hughes E.

Lipoma arborescens of the knee: MR demonstration.

Am J Roentgenol. 163: 162-164Grieten M. Buckwalter K. Cardinal E. et al.

Case report 873: lipoma arborescens (villous lipomatous proliferation of the synovial membrane).

Skeletal Radiol. 23: 652-655Dawson J. Dowling F. Preston B. et al.

Case report: lipoma arborescens of the sub-deltoid bursa.

Br J Radiol. 68: 197-199Schweitzer M.E. Falk A. Pathria M. et al.

MR imaging of the knee: can changes in the intracapsular fat pads be used as a sign of synovial proliferation in the presence of an effusion?.

Am J Roentgenol. 160: 823-826Roemer F.W. Guermazi A. Zhang Y. et al.

Hoffa’s fat pad: evaluation on unenhanced MR images as a measure of patellofemoral synovitis in osteoarthritis.

Am J Roentgenol. 192: 1696-1700Loeser R. Goldring S. Scanzello C. et al.

Osteoarthritis: a disease of the joint as an organ.

Arthritis Rheum. 64: 1697-1707

Pro-inflammatory cytokines: the link between obesity and osteoarthritis.

Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 44: 38-50Fernandez-Madrid F. Karvonen R. Teitge R. et al.

Synovial thickening detected by MR imaging in osteoarthritis of the knee confirmed by biopsy as synovitis.

Magn Reson Imaging. 13: 177-183Loeuille D. Sauliere N. Champigneulle J. et al.

Comparing non-enhanced and enhanced sequences in the assessment of effusion and synovitis in knee OA: associations with clinical, macroscopic and microscopic features.

Osteoarthr Cartil. 19: 1433-1439Liu L. Ishijima M. Futami I. et al.

Correlation between synovitis detected on enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging and a histological analysis with a patient-oriented outcome measure for Japanese patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis receiving joint replacement surgery.

Clin Rheumatol. 29: 1185-1190Baker K. Grainger A. Niu J. et al.

Relation of synovitis to knee pain using contrast-enhanced MRIs.

Ann Rheum Dis. 69: 1779-1783Roemer F. Guermazi A. Felson D. et al.

Presence of MRI-detected joint effusion and synovitis increases the risk of cartilage loss in knees without osteoarthritis at 30-month follow-up: the MOST study.

Ann Rheum Dis. 70: 1804-1809Scanzello C. Plaas A. Crow M.

Innate immune system activation in osteoarthritis: is osteoarthritis a chronic wound?.

Curr Opin Rheumatol. 20: 565-572Piccinini A.M. Midwood K.S.

DAMPening inflammation by modulating TLR signalling.

Mediators Inflamm. 2010https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/672395Scanzello C. McKeon B. Swaim B. et al.

Synovial inflammation in patients undergoing arthroscopic meniscectomy: molecular characterization and relationship to symptoms.

Arthritis Rheum. 63: 391-400Shakoor D. Demehri S. Roemer F. et al.

Are contrast-enhanced and non-contrast MRI findings reflecting synovial inflammation in knee osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies.

Osteoarthr Cartil. 28: 126-136

The epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 27: 269-281Forslind K. Larsson E. Eberhardt K. et al.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: a tool for prediction of joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis?.

Scand J Rheumatol. 33: 154-161Meng X. Wang Z. Zhang X. et al.

Rheumatoid arthritis of knee joints: MRI-pathological correlation.

Orthop Surg. 10: 247-254Griffith J. Peh W. Evans N. et al.

Multiple rice body formation in chronic subacromial/subdeltoid bursitis: MR appearances.

Clin Radiol. 51: 511-514Chung C. Coley B.D. Martin L.C.

Case report rice bodies in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.

AJR. 170: 698-700Berg E. Wainwright R. Barton B. et al.

On the nature of rheumatoid rice bodies: an immunologic, histochemical, and electron microscope study.

Arthritis Rheum. 20: 1343-1349Cheung H. Ryan L. Kozin F. et al.

Synovial origins of rice bodies in joint fluid.

Arthritis Rheum. 23: 72-76Gálvez J. Sola J. Ortuño G. et al.

Microscopic rice bodies in rheumatoid synovial fluid sediments.

J Rheumatol. 19: 1851-1858Chen A. Wong L.-Y. Sheu C.-Y. et al.

Distinguishing multiple rice body formation in chronic subacromial-subdeltoid bursitis from synovial chondromatosis.

Skeletal Radiol 2001 312. 31: 119-121Hemke R. Kuijpers T.W. Nusman C.M. et al.

Contrast-enhanced MRI features in the early diagnosis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Eur Radiol. 25: 3222Petty R. Southwood T. Manners P. et al.

International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001.

J Rheumatol. 31: 390-392van Gulik E. Hemke R. Welsink-Karssies M. et al.

Normal MRI findings of the knee in patients with clinically active juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Eur J Radiol. 102: 36-40Gylys-Morin V. Graham T. Blebea J. et al.

Knee in early juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: MR imaging findings.

Radiology. 220: 696-706Yasser R. Yasser E. Hanan D. et al.

Enthesitis in seronegative spondyloarthropathies with special attention to the knee joint by MRI: a step forward toward understanding disease pathogenesis.

Clin Rheumatol. 30: 313-322Emad Y. Ragab Y. Gheita T. et al.

Knee enthesitis and synovitis on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with psoriasis without arthritic symptoms.

J Rheumatol. 39: 1979-1986

Magnetic resonance imaging of enthesitis in spondyloarthritis, including psoriatic arthritis: status and recent advances.

Front Med. 7https://doi.org/10.3389/FMED.2020.00296Kumar V. Abbas A.K. Fausto N. et al.

Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease.

7th edition. Elsevier Saunders, Graif M. Schweitzer M. Deely D. et al.

The septic versus nonseptic inflamed joint: MRI characteristics.

Skeletal Radiol. 28: 616-620Bierry G. Huang A. Chang C. et al.

MRI findings of treated bacterial septic arthritis.

Skeletal Radiol. 41: 1509-1516Narváez J. Narváez J. Ortega R. et al.

Hypointense synovial lesions on T2-weighted images: differential diagnosis with pathologic correlation.

AJR Am J Roentgenol. 181: 761-769Sanghvi D.A. Iyer V.R. Deshmukh T. et al.

MRI features of tuberculosis of the knee.

Skelet Radiol. 38: 267-273Ecklund K. Vargas S. Zurakowski D. et al.

MRI features of Lyme arthritis in children.

AJR Am J Roentgenol. 184: 1904-1909