Herman WH, Zimmet P. Type 2 diabetes: an epidemic requiring global attention and urgent action. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(5):943–4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2022. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services. 2022.

AHRQ. Statistical Brief #279. Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville. 2021. www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb279-Diabetes-Inpatient-Stays-2018.jsp. Accessed November 2021.

Umpierrez GE, Isaacs SD, Bazargan N, You X, Thaler LM, Kitabchi AE. Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(3):978–82.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Mi D, Wang P, Yang B, Pu Y, Yang Z, Liu L. Correlation of hyperglycemia with mortality after acute ischemic stroke. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2017;11:1756285617731686. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756285617731686.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Korbel L, Spencer JD. Diabetes mellitus and infection: an evaluation of hospital utilization and management costs in the United States. J Diabetes Complications. 2015;29(2):192–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2014.11.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lansang MC, Umpierrez GE. Inpatient hyperglycemia management: a practical review for primary medical and surgical teams. Cleve Clin J Med. 2016;83(1):S34–43.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sen P, Demirdal T, Emir B. Meta-analysis of risk factors for amputation in diabetic foot infections. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019;35(7):e3165. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3165.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Angeli F, Reboldi G, Poltronieri C, Lazzari L, Sordi M, Garofoli M, Bartolini C, Verdecchia P. Hyperglycemia in acute coronary syndromes: from mechanisms to prognostic implications. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;9:412–24.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(11):S244–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

High-alert medications in acute care settings. Institute For Safe Medication Practices. 2018. https://www.ismp.org/recommendations/high-alert-medications-acute-list. Accessed 19 Oct 2021.

Moghissi ES, Korytkowski MT, DiNardo M, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control. Endocr Pract. 2009;15:353–69.

Article  Google Scholar 

Umpierrez GE, Hellman R, Korytkowski MT, Kosiborod M, Maynard GA, Montori VM, Seley JJ, Van den Berghe G, Endocrine Society. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients in non-critical care setting: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(1):16–38.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

•• Donihi AC, Moorman JM, Abla A, Hanania R, Carneal D. Pharmacists’ role in glycemic management in the inpatient setting: an opinion of the endocrine and metabolism practice and research network of the America College of Clinical Pharmacy. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2019;2:167–76. Opinion paper of the Endocrine and Metabolism Practice and Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP). Recognizes the various roles and responsibilities hospital pharmacists exemplify while improving glycemic safety and outcomes.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nguyen CT, Seto A, Rushakoff R, MacMaster HW. Pharmacists’ impact on glycemic control among surgical patients at a large academic institution. Clin Diabetes. 2016;34(2):105–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

• Ketz JM, Yeh EJ, Suri S. Collaboration of hospital pharmacists and hospitalists to address glycemic control of general medicine patients: implementation of a pilot inpatient diabetes management program. Clin Diabetes. 2020;38(1):71–7. Recent, large, open-label parallel trial evaluating the effect pharmacist recommendations had on hospitalists modifying inpatient insulin dosing as well as discharging patients on an appropriate basal insulin regimen.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sachdev G, Kliethermes MA, Vernon V, et al. Current status of prescriptive authority by pharmacists in the United States. J Am Coll Clin Pharm. 2020;3:807–17.

Article  Google Scholar 

Weaver KK. Collaborative practice agreements: explaining the basics. Pharmacy Today. 2018;24(3):55.

Article  Google Scholar 

Pugazhenthi V, Dick TB, Call M. Outcomes of a pharmacist-managed glucose collaborative practice agreement. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016;73(23 Supplement 6):S148–54. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp150648.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Warrington L, Ayers P, Baldwin AM, Wallace V, Riche KD, Saulters R, Waldrop OG, Dyess T, Delashmet GB, Peeples S, Horsley WS, Harris WJ 3rd, Butler K Jr. Implementation of a pharmacist-led, multidisciplinary diabetes management team. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2012;69(14):1240–5. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp110297.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mularski KS, Yeh CP, Bains JK, Mosen DM, Hill AK, Mularski RA. Pharmacist glycemic control team improves quality of glycemic control in surgical patients with perioperative dysglycemia. Perm J. 2012;16(1):28–33.

Article  Google Scholar 

• Hodges A, Hall J, Castellanos E, Laue E, Ellis T, Oelschlaeger L. Implementing a pharmacist consultation model for multimodal insulin therapy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2017;74(9):e224–9. Study within a community hospital illustrating the effectiveness by which pharmacists efficiently identify and successfully implement protocol-directed glycemic management within a CPA.

Article  Google Scholar 

Powers MA, Bardsley JK, Cypress M, Funnell MM, Harms D, Hess-Fischl A, Hooks B, Isaacs D, Mandel ED, Maryniuk MD, Norton A, Rinker J, Siminerio LM, Uelmen S. Diabetes self-management education and support in adults with type 2 diabetes: a consensus report of the American Diabetes Association, the Association of Diabetes Care & Education Specialists, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of PAs, the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, and the American Pharmacists Association. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(7):1636–49.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nassar CM, Montero A, Magee MF. Inpatient diabetes education in the real world: an overview of guidelines and delivery models. Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(10):103.

Article  Google Scholar 

Shah M, Norwood CA, Farias S, Ibrahim S, Chong PH, Fogelfeld L. Diabetes transitional care from inpatient to outpatient setting: pharmacist discharge counseling. J Pharm Pract. 2013;26(2):120–4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Korytkowski M, Dinardo M, Donihi AC, Bigi L, Devita M. Evolution of a diabetes inpatient safety committee. Endocr Pract. 2006;12(Suppl 3):91–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Munoz M, Pronovost P, Dintzis J, et al. Implementing and evaluating a multicomponent inpatient diabetes management program: putting research into practice. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2012;38(5):195–206.

Google Scholar 

• Drincic AT, Akkireddy P, Knezevich JT. Common models used for inpatient diabetes management. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(3):10. Globally, outlines the various models of care related to inpatient diabetes management.

Article  Google Scholar 

Maynard GA, Childers D, Holdych J, Kendall H, Hoag T, Harrison K. Improving glycemic control safely in non-critical care patients: a collaborative systems approach in nine hospitals. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2017;43(4):179–88.

Google Scholar 

Goff DA. Antimicrobial stewardship: bridging the gap between quality care and cost. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24(Suppl 1):S11-20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Maynard G, Schnipper JL, Messler J, et al. Design and implementation of a web-based reporting and benchmarking center for inpatient glucometrics. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014;8(4):630–40.

Article  Google Scholar 

Donihi AC, Gibson J, DiNardo M, Koerbel G, Korytkowski MT. Effect of a targeted glycemic management program on provider response to inpatient hyperglycemia. Endocr Pract. 2011;17:552–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mendez CE, Ata A, Rourke JM, Stain SC, Umpierrez G. Daily inpatient glycemic survey (DINGS): a process to remotely identify and assist in the management of hospitalized patients with diabetes and hyperglycemia. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(8):927–35.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rushakoff RJ, Sullivan MM, MacMaster HW, Shah AD, Rajkomar A, Glidden DV, et al. Association between a virtual glucose management service and glycemic control in hospitalized adult patients: an observational study. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(9):621–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Revisions to advanced certification requirements for inpatient diabetes care. Joint Commission Perspectives. 2016;36(11):8–11.