aDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA

bSan Diego Spine Foundation, San Diego, CA

cDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery – Spine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

dBrown University, Providence, RI

eDepartment of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA

fDenver International Spine Center, Denver, CO

gRocky Mountain Hospital for Children, Denver, CO

hPresbyterian/St. Luke’s Medical Center, Denver, CO

iNew York Spine Institute, New York, NY

jNYU Medical Center/NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY

kSpine Institute of Louisiana, Shreveport, LA

lDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA

mDepartment of Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University, Raleigh, NC

nDepartment of Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ

oSpine Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA

pDepartment of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA

The manuscript submitted does not contain information about medical device(s)/drug(s).

Financial Support: Grant support from SI Bone and supported by the ISSG.

IRB/Research Ethics Committee Statement: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained at all institutions participating in the study.

Conflicts of Interest and Source of Funding: All authors report the following disclosures:

Robert K. Eastlack, MD: Stock Ownership – SeaSpine, Alphatec, Spine Innovation Nuvasive, SI Bone; Royalties – Aesculap, SeaSpine, SI Bone, Globus Nuvasive Medical; Consultant – NuVasive, Medtronic, SeaSpine, Spinal Elements, SI Bone, Biedermann Motech, Stryker Carevature, ControlRad.

Alex Soroceanu, MD: None.

Gregory M. Mundis, Jr., MD: Royalties – NuVasive, Stryker; Consultant – NuVasive, SeaSpine, Viseon, Carlsmed.

Alan Daniels, MD: Consultant – Spineart, Orthofix, Medicrea/Medtronic, EOS, Southern Spine.

Justin S. Smith, MD, PhD: Consultant – Zimmer Biomet, NuVasive, DePuy Synthes, Carlsmed, Cerapedics, Stryker, and SeaSpine; Royalties – Zimmer Biomet, NuVasive, Thieme; Research Funding – DePuy Synthes/ISSGF, NuVasive, AOSpine; Fellowship Funding – AOSpine; Editorial Boards – Journal of Neurosurgery Spine, Neurosurgery, Operative Neurosurgery, Spine Deformity, and Neurospine.

Breton Line, BSME: Consultant – ISSG.

Peter Passias, MD: Design Team Cervical – Globus; Scientific Board – Royal Biologics; Consultant – Medtronic, Terumo.

Pierce Nunley, MD: None.

David O. Okonkwo, MD: Royalties and Consulting Fees – Zimmer Biomet, NuVasive.

Khoi D. Than, MD: Consultant – Bioventus, DePuy Synthes, Integrity Implants; Honoraria – LifeNet Health, Globus.

Juan Uribe, MD: Consultant – Viseon, Misonix, SI Bone, and NuVasive. Royalties, stock/stock options, and non-study related research support – NuVasive. Royalties – SI Bone.

Praveen Mummaneni, MD, MBA: Consultant – DePuy Spine, Globus, Stryker;Royalties – DePuy Spine, Thieme Publishing, Springer Publishing; Stocks – Spinicity/ISD;Grants/Funding Sources – AO Spine (Spine Fellowship Grant), ISSG (MIS Deformity), NREF (QOD), PCORI (CSM-S Trial), Alan and Jacqueline Stuart Spine Outcomes Center (SLIP-II), Joan O’Reilly Endowed Professorship, NIH/NIAMS U19AR076737 (UCSF REACH).

Dean Chou, MD: Consultant – Globus, Orthofix; Royalties – Globus.

Shay Bess, MD – Funding Sources – ISSGF, SI Bone, NuVasive, K2 Stryker, DePuy Synthes.

International Spine Study Group: Funding – DePuy Synthes Spine, K2M, NuVasive, Allosource, Biomet, and Orthofix.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Robert K. Eastlack, MD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Scripps Clinic, 10710 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]