Kucera R, Pecen L, Topolcan O, Dahal AR, Costigliola V, Giordano FA, Golubnitschaja O. Prostate cancer management: long-term beliefs, epidemic developments in the early twenty-first century and 3PM dimensional solutions. EPMA J. 2020;11(3):399–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-020-00214-1

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ellinger J, Alajati A, Kubatka P, Giordano FA, Ritter M, Costigliola V, Golubnitschaja O. Prostate cancer treatment costs increase more rapidly than for any other cancer-how to reverse the trend? EPMA J. 2022;13(1):1–7, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-022-00276-3

Golubnitschaja O, Kubatka P, Mazurakova A, Samec M, Alajati A, Giordano FA, Costigliola V, Ellinger J, Ritter M. Systemic effects reflected in specific biomarker patterns are instrumental for the paradigm change in prostate cancer management: a strategic paper. Cancers. 2022;14:675. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14030675.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liskova A, Koklesova L, Samec M, Smejkal K, Samuel SM, Varghese E, Abotaleb M, Biringer K, Kudela E, Danko J et al. Flavonoids in cancer metastasis. Cancers. 2020;12(6):1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12061498.

Samec M, Liskova A, Koklesova L, Samuel SM, Zhai K, Buhrmann C, Varghese E, Abotaleb M, Qaradakhi T, Zulli A, et al. Flavonoids against the Warburg phenotype—concepts of predictive, preventive and personalised medicine to cut the Gordian Knot of cancer cell metabolism. EPMA J. 2020;11:377–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-020-00217-y.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abotaleb M, Samuel SM, Varghese E, Varghese S, Kubatka P, Liskova A, Büsselberg D. Flavonoids in cancer and apoptosis. Cancers. 2018;11(1):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11010028.

Koklesova L, Liskova A, Samec M, Buhrmann C, Samuel SM, Varghese E, Ashrafizadeh M, Najafi M, Shakibaei M, Büsselberg D et al. Carotenoids in cancer apoptosis-the road from bench to bedside and back. Cancers. 2020;12(9):2425. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092425.

Mazurakova A, Koklesova L, Samec M, Kudela E, Kajo K, Skuciova V, Csizmár SH, Mestanova V, Pec M, Adamkov M, et al. Anti-breast cancer effects of phytochemicals: primary, secondary, and tertiary care. EPMA J. 2022;13(2):315–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-022-00277-2.

Yoo S, Kim K, Nam H, Lee D. Discovering health benefits of phytochemicals with integrated analysis of the molecular network, chemical properties and ethnopharmacological evidence. Nutrients. 2018;10:1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10081042.

CAS  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abotaleb M, Liskova A, Kubatka P, Büsselberg D. Therapeutic potential of plant phenolic acids in the treatment of cancer. Biomolecules. 2020;10:221. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020221.

Kapinova A, Kubatka P, Liskova A, Baranenko D, Kruzliak P, Matta M, Büsselberg D, Malicherova B, Zulli A, Kwon TK, et al. Controlling metastatic cancer: the role of phytochemicals in cell signaling. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2019;145:1087–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-019-02892-5.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salehi B, Fokou PVT, Yamthe LRT, Tali BT, Adetunji CO, Rahavian A, Mudau FN, Martorell M, Setzer WN, Rodrigues CF, et al. Phytochemicals in prostate cancer: from bioactive molecules to upcoming therapeutic agents. Nutrients. 2019;11:1483. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071483.

CAS  Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ghosh S, Hazra J, Pal K, Nelson VK, Pal M. Prostate cancer: therapeutic prospect with herbal medicine. Curr Res Pharmacol Drug Discov. 2021;2:100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100034.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu C-M, Kao C-L, Tseng Y-T, Lo Y-C, Chen C-Y. Ginger phytochemicals inhibit cell growth and modulate drug resistance factors in docetaxel resistant prostate cancer cell. Mol J Synth Chem Nat Prod Chem. 2017;22:1477. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22091477.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Watson GW, Beaver LM, Williams DE, Dashwood RH, Ho E. Phytochemicals from cruciferous vegetables, epigenetics, and prostate cancer prevention. AAPS J. 2013;15:951–61. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-013-9504-4.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Liskova A, Koklesova L, Samec M, Varghese E, Abotaleb M, Samuel SM, Smejkal K, Biringer K, Petras M, Blahutova D et al. Implications of flavonoids as potential modulators of cancer neovascularity. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2020;146:3079–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-020-03383-8

Chan SW, Nguyen P-N, Ayele D, Chevalier S, Aprikian A, Chen JZ. Mitochondrial DNA damage is sensitive to exogenous H(2)O(2) but independent of cellular ROS production in prostate cancer cells. Mutat Res. 2011;716:40–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.07.019.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shukla S, Gupta S. Apigenin-induced prostate cancer cell death is initiated by reactive oxygen species and p53 activation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;44(10):1833–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.02.007.

Chaudhary AK, O’Malley J, Kumar S, Inigo JR, Kumar R, Yadav N, Chandra D. Mitochondrial dysfunction and prostate cancer racial disparities among American men. Front Biosci Sch Ed. 2017;9:154–64. https://doi.org/10.2741/s479.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhuang E, Uchio E, Lilly M, Zi X, Fruehauf JP. A phase II study of docetaxel plus lycopene in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer. Biomed Pharmacother Biomedecine Pharmacother. 2021;143:112226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112226.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Mahammedi H, Planchat E, Pouget M, Durando X, Curé H, Guy L, Van-Praagh I, Savareux L, Atger M, Bayet-Robert M, et al. The new combination docetaxel, prednisone and curcumin in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a pilot phase II study. Oncology. 2016;90:69–78. https://doi.org/10.1159/000441148.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Passildas-Jahanmohan J, Eymard J-C, Pouget M, Kwiatkowski F, Van Praagh I, Savareux L, Atger M, Durando X, Abrial C, Richard D, et al. Multicenter randomized phase II study comparing docetaxel plus curcumin versus docetaxel plus placebo in first-line treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Med. 2021;10:2332–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.3806.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Falsaperla M, Morgia G, Tartarone A, Ardito R, Romano G. Support ellagic acid therapy in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) on standard chemotherapy using vinorelbine and estramustine phosphate. Eur Urol. 2005;47:449–454; discussion 454–455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2004.12.001.

Saadipoor A, Razzaghdoust A, Simforoosh N, Mahdavi A, Bakhshandeh M, Moghadam M, Abdollahi H, Mofid B. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial of nanocurcumin in prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Phytother Res PTR. 2019;33:370–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6230.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ahmad IU, Forman JD, Sarkar FH, Hillman GG, Heath E, Vaishampayan U, Cher ML, Andic F, Rossi PJ, Kucuk O. Soy isoflavones in conjunction with radiation therapy in patients with prostate cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2010;62:996–1000. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2010.509839.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mariani S, Lionetto L, Cavallari M, Tubaro A, Rasio D, De Nunzio C, Hong GM, Borro M, Simmaco M. Low prostate concentration of lycopene is associated with development of prostate cancer in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15:1433–40. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms15011433.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jain MG, Hislop GT, Howe GR, Ghadirian P. Plant foods, antioxidants, and prostate cancer risk: findings from case-control studies in Canada. Nutr Cancer. 1999;34:173–84. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327914NC3402_8.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kolonel LN, Hankin JH, Whittemore AS, Wu AH, Gallagher RP, Wilkens LR, John EM, Howe GR, Dreon DM, West DW, et al. Vegetables, fruits, legumes and prostate cancer: a multiethnic case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. Publ. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. Cosponsored Am Soc Prev Oncol. 2000;9:795–804.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Ambrosini GL, de Klerk NH, Fritschi L, Mackerras D, Musk B. Fruit, vegetable, vitamin A intakes, and prostate cancer risk. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2008;11:61–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.pcan.4500979.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Connors SK, Chornokur G, Kumar NB. New insights into the mechanisms of green tea catechins in the chemoprevention of prostate cancer. Nutr Cancer. 2012;64:4–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2012.630158.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ito K. Prostate cancer in Asian men. Nat Rev Urol. 2014;11:197–212. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrurol.2014.42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jian L, Xie LP, Lee AH, Binns CW. Protective effect of green tea against prostate cancer: a case-control study in Southeast China. Int J Cancer. 2004;108:130–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11550.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McLarty J, Bigelow RLH, Smith M, Elmajian D, Ankem M, Cardelli JA. Tea polyphenols decrease serum levels of prostate-specific antigen, hepatocyte growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor in prostate cancer patients and inhibit production of hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro. Cancer Prev Res Phila Pa. 2009;2:673–82. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0167.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Chen L, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Duncan C, Sharifi R, Ghosh L, van Breemen R, Ashton D, Bowen PE. Oxidative DNA damage in prostate cancer patients consuming tomato sauce-based entrees as a whole-food intervention. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:1872–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/93.24.1872.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ohtake S, Kawahara T, Ishiguro Y, Takeshima T, Kuroda S, Izumi K, Miyamoto H, Uemura H. Oxidative stress marker 8-Hydroxyguanosine is more highly expressed in prostate cancer than in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Mol Clin Oncol. 2018;9:302–4. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2018.1665.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Henning SM, Wang P, Said JW, Huang M, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Carpenter CL, Heber D, Aronson WJ. Randomized clinical trial of brewed green and black tea in men with prostate cancer prior to prostatectomy. Prostate. 2015;75:550–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.22943.

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nguyen MM, Ahmann FR, Nagle RB, Hsu C-H, Tangrea JA, Parnes HL, Sokoloff MH, Gretzer MB, Chow H-HS. Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of polyphenon E in prostate cancer patients before prostatectomy: evaluation of potential chemopreventive activities. Cancer Prev Res Phila Pa. 2012;5:290–8. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0306.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Kumar NB, Pow-Sang J, Egan KM, Spiess PE, Dickinson S, Salup R, Helal M, McLarty J, Williams CR, Schreiber F, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of green tea catechins for prostate cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res Phila Pa. 2015;8:879–87. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-14-0324.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Henning SM, Wang P, Lee R-P, Trang A, Husari G, Yang J, Grojean EM, Ly A, Hsu M, Heber D, et al. Prospective randomized trial evaluating blood and prostate tissue concentrations of green tea polyphenols and quercetin in men with prostate cancer. Food Funct. 2020;11:4114–22. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo00565g.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang Z, Garzotto M, Beer TM, Thuillier P, Lieberman S, Mori M, Stoller WA, Farris PE, Shannon J. Effects of ω-3 fatty acids and catechins on fatty acid synthase in the prostate: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Cancer. 2016;68:1309–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2016.1224365.

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Imran M, Ghorat F, Ul-Haq I, Ur-Rehman H, Aslam F, Heydari M, Shariati MA, Okuskhanova E, Yessimbekov Z, Thiruvengadam M, et al. Lycopene as a natural antioxidant used to prevent human health disorders. Antioxidants. 2020;9:706.