∗Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

†Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

‡Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA

§Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA

||Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

¶Department of Chemistry, Princeton University; Princeton, NJ

∗∗Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

††Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

‡‡Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

Address reprint requests to Robert B. Lindell, MD, Assistant Professor of Critical Care and Pediatrics, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: [email protected]

Received 29 October, 2021

Revised 19 November, 2021

Accepted 14 April, 2022

Financial support was provided by NIGMS K23GM110496, the Endowed Chair, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine. Dr. Lindell is also supported by the Thrasher Research Fund #15351. Dr. Wallace is also supported by NIH grants NS021328, MH108592, and OD010944, U.S. Department of Defense grants W81XWH-16-1-0401 and W81XWH-21-1-0128, (PR202887.e002). Dr. Wherry is also supported by the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy which supports the cancer immunology program at UPenn, and by NIAID AI155577, AI115712, AI117950, AI108545, AI082630. Dr. Weiss is also supported by NICHD R01HD102396. Dr. Henrickson is also supported by NIAID K08AI135091, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund CAMS, the Clinical Immunology Society, and the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology.

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citation appears in the printed text and is provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site (www.shockjournal.com).