McInnes IB, Schett G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2205–19.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kerschbaumer A, Sepriano A, Smolen JS, et al. Efficacy of pharmacological treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature research informing the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:744–59.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Jansen JP, Buckley F, Dejonckheere F, Ogale S. Comparative efficacy of biologics as monotherapy and in combination with methotrexate on patient reported outcomes (PROs) in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to conventional DMARDs—a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2014;12:102.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Buckley F, Finckh A, Huizinga TW, Dejonckheere F, Jansen JP. Comparative efficacy of novel DMARDs as monotherapy and in combination with methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients with inadequate response to conventional DMARDs: a network meta-analysis. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2015;21:409–23.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smolen JS, Landewé RBM, Bijlsma JWJ, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:685–99.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68:1–26.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pitzalis C, Choy EHS, Buch MH. Transforming clinical trials in rheumatology: towards patient-centric precision medicine. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2020;16:590–9.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Humby F, Durez P, Buch MH, et al. Rituximab versus tocilizumab in anti-TNF inadequate responder patients with rheumatoid arthritis (R4RA): 16-week outcomes of a stratified, biopsy-driven, multicentre, open-label, phase 4 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:305–17.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Schett G, Tanaka Y, Isaacs JD. Why remission is not enough: underlying disease mechanisms in RA that prevent cure. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17:135–44.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bozec A, Luo Y, Engdahl C, Figueiredo C, Bang H, Schett G. Abatacept blocks anti-citrullinated protein antibody and rheumatoid factor mediated cytokine production in human macrophages in IDO-dependent manner. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20:24.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Iwata S, Nakayamada S, Fukuyo S, et al. Activation of Syk in peripheral blood B cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a potential target for abatacept therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:63–73.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Jansen D, Emery P, Smolen JS, et al. Conversion to seronegative status after abatacept treatment in patients with early and poor prognostic rheumatoid arthritis is associated with better radiographic outcomes and sustained remission: post hoc analysis of the AGREE study. RMD Open. 2018;4: e000564.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Gottenberg JE, Ravaud P, Cantagrel A, et al. Positivity for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide is associated with a better response to abatacept: data from the “Orencia and Rheumatoid Arthritis” registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:1815–9.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sokolove J, Schiff M, Fleischmann R, et al. Impact of baseline anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide-2 antibody concentration on efficacy outcomes following treatment with subcutaneous abatacept or adalimumab: 2-year results from the AMPLE trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:709–14.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Nüßlein H, Alten R, Galeazzi M, et al. Real-world effectiveness of abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis treatment in European and Canadian populations: a 6-month interim analysis of the 2-year, observational, prospective ACTION study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014;15:14.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nüßlein HG, Alten R, Galeazzi M, et al. Prognostic factors for abatacept retention in patients who received at least one prior biologic agent: an interim analysis from the observational, prospective ACTION study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;16:176.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Isaacs JD, Cohen SB, Emery P, et al. Effect of baseline rheumatoid factor and anticitrullinated peptide antibody serotype on rituximab clinical response: a meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72:329–36.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lv Q, Yin Y, Li X, et al. The status of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody are not associated with the effect of anti-TNFα agent treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e89442.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Harrold LR, Litman HJ, Connolly SE, et al. Effect of anticitrullinated protein antibody status on response to abatacept or antitumor necrosis factor-α therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a US national observational study. J Rheumatol. 2018;45:32–9.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Harrold LR, Litman HJ, Connolly SE, et al. Comparative effectiveness of abatacept versus tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who are anti-CCP positive in the United States Corona Registry. Rheumatol Ther. 2019;6:217–30.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Fleischmann R, Weinblatt M, Ahmad H, et al. Efficacy of abatacept and adalimumab in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis with multiple poor prognostic factors: post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled clinical trial (AMPLE). Rheumatol Ther. 2019;6:559–71.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Kim J, Koh JS, Choi SJ, et al. KOBIO, the first web-based Korean biologics registry operated with a unified platform among distinct disease entities. J Rheum Dis. 2021;28:176–82.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:2569–81.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Shiozawa K, Kawasaki Y, Yamane T, et al. Anticitrullinated protein antibody, but not its titer, is a predictor of radiographic progression and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2012;39:694–700.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Aletaha D, Ward MM, Machold KP, Nell VP, Stamm T, Smolen JS. Remission and active disease in rheumatoid arthritis: defining criteria for disease activity states. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:2625–36.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

van der Helm-van Mil AH, Huizinga TW. Advances in the genetics of rheumatoid arthritis point to subclassification into distinct disease subsets. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(2):205.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Buch MH, Eyre S, McGonagle D. Persistent inflammatory and non-inflammatory mechanisms in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17:17–33.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

van Gaalen FA, van Aken J, Huizinga TW, et al. Association between HLA class II genes and autoantibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCPs) influences the severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(7):2113–21.

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez A, Icen M, Kremers HM, et al. Mortality trends in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of rheumatoid factor. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:1009–14.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Aletaha D, Alasti F, Smolen JS. Rheumatoid factor, not antibodies against citrullinated proteins, is associated with baseline disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17:229.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Meyer O, Labarre C, Dougados M, et al. Anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibody assays in early rheumatoid arthritis for predicting five year radiographic damage. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:120–6.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Maneiro RJ, Salgado E, Carmona L, Gomez-Reino JJ. Rheumatoid factor as predictor of response to abatacept, rituximab and tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013;43:9–17.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Alemao E, Postema R, Elbez Y, Mamane C, Finckh A. Presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies is associated with better treatment response to abatacept but not to TNF inhibitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020;38:455–66.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tymms K, Butcher B, Smith T, Littlejohn G. Impact of anti-citrullinated protein antibody on tumor necrosis factor inhibitor or abatacept response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Rheumatol. 2020;8:67–72.

PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Pappas DA, St John G, Etzel CJ, et al. Comparative effectiveness of first-line tumour necrosis factor inhibitor versus non-tumour necrosis factor inhibitor biologics and targeted synthetic agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a large US registry study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021;80:96–102.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Schiff M, Weinblatt ME, Valente R, et al. Head-to-head comparison of subcutaneous abatacept versus adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis: two-year efficacy and safety findings from AMPLE trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:86–94.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kubo S, Nakayamada S, Nakano K, et al. Comparison of efficacy of TNF inhibitors and abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; adjusted with propensity score matching. Clin Immunol. 2018;191:67–74.

CAS  PubMed  Article