Inflammation, immunity, and antigen persistence in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection

ElsevierVolume 77, August 2022, 102228Current Opinion in ImmunologyHighlights•

Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) are associated with persistent inflammation.

The antigens or other immune stimuli driving PASC are still unclear.

PASC severity and duration is reduced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.

SARS-CoV-2 infection is known to result in a range of symptoms with varying degrees of acute-phase severity. In a subset of individuals, an equally diverse collection of long-term sequelae has been reported after convalescence. As survivorship and therefore the number of individuals with ‘long-COVID’ continues to grow, an understanding of the prevalence, origins, and mechanisms of post-acute sequelae manifestation is critically needed. Here, we will explore proposed roles of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response in the onset, severity, and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 post-acute sequelae. We discuss the potential roles of persistent virus and autoantigens in this syndrome, as well as the contributions of unresolved inflammation and tissue injury. Furthermore, we highlight recent evidence demonstrating the potential benefits of vaccination and immunity in the resolution of post-acute symptoms.

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