Graduate School of Nursing, Sapporo City University, Sapporo, Japan.

Correspondence: Tzu-Ying Chen, MSN, RN, Graduate School of Nursing, Sapporo City University, Kita 11-jo Nishi 13-chome, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0011, Japan ([email protected]).

Authors' contributions: T.Y.C. contributed to the study conception and design, performed the data collection and curation, and drafted the article. T.Y.C., A. Hiyama, M.M., and A. Hinotsu conducted the data analysis and contributed to the interpretation as well as supervised and critically revised the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

The authors thank Wada Yui, College of Nursing, Japan Health Care College, and Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.

The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with, or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citation appears in the printed text and is provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal's Web site (www.hnpjournal.com).