Lessons for 4-H Youth Member Recruitment and Retention From the First-Generation College Student Literature

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Elliott-Engel, J. (2018). State administrators’ perceptions of the environmental challenges of Cooperative Extension and the 4-H program and their resulting adaptive leadership behaviors [Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech]. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/98002

Erbstein, N., Moncloa, F., Olagundoye, S. S., Diaz-Carrasco, C., & Hill, R. (2017). Engaging Latino communities from the ground up: Three tools. Journal of Extension, 55(4), Article 2. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol55/iss4/2

Farella, J., Hauser, M., Parrott, A., Moore, J. D., Penrod, M., & Elliott-Engel, J. (2021). 4-H youth development programming in Indigenous communities: A critical review of the Cooperative Extension literature. Journal of Extension, 59(3), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.34068/joe.59.03.07

Farella, J., Moore, J., Arias, J., & Elliott-Engel, J. (2021). Framing indigenous identity inclusion in positive youth development: Proclaimed ignorance, partial vacuum, and the peoplehood model. Journal of Youth Development, 16(4), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2021.1059

Ferrari, T. M., & Turner, C. L. (2006). An exploratory study of adolescents’ motivations for joining and continued participation in a 4-H afterschool program. The Journal of Extension, 44(4), Article 4RIB3. http://www.joe.org/joe/2006august/rb3.php

Fields, N. (2020). Exploring the 4-H Thriving Model: A commentary through an equity lens. Journal of Youth Development, 15(6), 171-194. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2020.1058

Fields, N. I., & Nathaniel, K. C. (2015). Our role in and responsibility toward social justice. Journal of Extension, 53(5), Article 15. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol53/iss5/15

Forbes, S. H. (1988). Influence of the 4-H incentive system on the development and retention of 4-H members [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Oklahoma State University.

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Harder, A., Lamm, A., Lamm, D., Rose, H., & Rask, G. (2005). An in-depth look at 4-H enrollment and retention. Journal of Extension, 43(5), Article 5RIB4. http://www.joe.org/joe/2005october/rb4.php

Harrington, R., Russo, J. P., Stevenson, A., Ecklund, K., & Derdowski, J. (2018). Diversity and first generation 4-H Lens. University of Minnesota. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lGhgBn2J3MPt4Tpts4NyBZLsBnTGFMix/view

Harrington, R., Sheehan, T., & Blyth, D. A. (2011). Examining the reasons and relationships between why youth join, stay in, and leave 4-H. Journal of Youth Development, 6(2), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2011.186

Hartley, D. C. (2005). Factors that influence 4-H club membership retention in West Virginia [Doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University]. The Research Repository @ WVU. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3203&context=etd

Hartley, R. S. (1983). Keeping 4-H members. Journal of Extension, 21(4). https://archives.joe.org/joe/1983july/a4.php

Hinch, T., Jackson, E., Hudson, S., & Walker, G. (2005) Leisure constraint theory and sport tourism. Sport in Society, 8(2), 142-163. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430500087435

Hobbs, B. B. (2004). Latino outreach programs: Why they need to be different. Journal of Extension, 42(4), Article 4COM1. https://archives.joe.org/joe/2004august/comm1.php

Hobbs, B. B. (1999). Increasing the 4-H participation of youth from high-risk environments. Journal of Extension, 37(4), Article 4RIB1. https://archives.joe.org/joe/1999august/rb1.php

Homan, G., Dick, J., & Hedrick, J. (2007). Youth perceptions of Ohio 4-H. Journal of Extension, 45(4), Article 4RIB3. https://archives.joe.org/joe/2007august/rb3.php

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Ishitani, T. T. (2006). Studying attrition and degree completion behavior among first-generation college students in the United States. The Journal of Higher Education, (77)5. 861-885. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2006.11778947

Johnson, H. (2021). Examining the differences in perceived stress, academic success, and potential protective factors between first-generation college students and continuing-generation college students [Doctoral dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University]. ProQuest. https://www.proquest.com/pagepdf/2518994851?accountid=14586

LaPeer, D. (2020). “We were all kind of by ourselves.” Understanding the challenges faced by first-generation college students in Fentress County. McNair Scholars Research Journal, 3(12), 153-194. https://www.leeuniversity.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020-2021-McNair-Academic-Journal.pdf#page=154

Lewis, K. M., Ewers, T., Miller, J. C., Bird, M., Borba, J., Hill, R. D., Rea-Keywood, J., Shelstad, N., & Trzesniewski, K. (2018). Addressing retention in youth programs: A survey for understanding families' experiences. The Journal of Extension, 56(3), Article 5. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol56/iss3/5

Lundberg, C. A., Schreiner, L. A., Hovaguimian, K., & Slavin Miller, S. (2007). First-generation status and student race/ethnicity as distinct predictors of student involvement and learning. NASPA Journal, 44(1), 57-83. https://doi.org/10.2202/1949-6605.1755

Maltese, A. V., & Tai, R. H. (2011). Pipeline persistence: Examining the association of educational experiences with earned degrees in STEM among US students. Science education, 95(5), 877-907. https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20441

Maurer, R. C., & Bokerneier, J. L. (1984). How mom and dad influence youth participation. Journal of Extension, 22(2), Article 2FEA3. https://archives.joe.org/joe/1984march/a3.php

Moncloa, F., Horrillo, S. J., Espinoza, D., & Hill, R. (2019). Embracing diversity and inclusion: An organizational change model to increase intercultural competence. Journal of Extension, 57(6), Article 25. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol57/iss6/25

McKee, R. K., Talbert, B. A., & Barkman, S. J. (2002). The Challenges Associated with Change in 4-H/Youth Development. Journal of Extension, 40(2), n2. https://archives.joe.org/joe/2002april/a5.php

National 4-H Council (2015). Strategic plan FY 2016-2018. https://4-h.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/4H-FY-2016-2018-Strategic-Plan.pdf

Nelson, L. M. (2020). Minnesota 4-H youth development: Capacity for diversity and inclusion [Master’s thesis, University of Minnesota]. ResearchGate. https://z.umn.edu/MN4-H-capacityDI

Newby, L., & Sallee, J. (2011). 4-H membership recruitment/retention problems: A meta-analysis of possible causes and solutions. Journal of Youth Development, 6(4), 37-46. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2011.163

Norland, E., & Bennett, M. (1993). Youth participation. Journal of Extension, 31(1), Article 1FEA5. https://archives.joe.org/joe/1993spring/a5.php

Norrell-Aitch, K. (2015, March 26). Traditional versus first generational 4-Hers. Michigan State University Extension. https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/traditional_versus_first_generational_4_hers

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Russo, J. P. (2015, November 25). Let’s talk about the first-generation experience. University of Minnesota Extension Youth Development Insight. https://blog-youth-development-insight.extension.umn.edu/2015/11/lets-talk-about-first-generation.html

Radhakrishna, R., Foley, C., Ingam, P., & Ewing, J. C. (2013). Effectiveness of the 4-H program as perceived by parents of 4-h participants. Journal of Extension, 51(4), Article 35. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol51/iss4/35

Ritchie, R. M., & Resler, K. M. (1993). Why youth drop out of 4-H. Journal of Extension, 31(1), Article 1RIB3. https://archives.joe.org/joe/1993spring/rb3.php

Rosenberg, G. N. (2015). The 4-H harvest: Sexuality and the state in rural America. University of Pennsylvania Press.

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U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Institute for Food and Agriculture. (2017). Strategic plan: 4-H youth development a 2025 vision. https://nifa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resources/National%204-H%20Strategic%20Plan%202017.pdf

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Vega, L., Brody, B., & Cummins, M. (2016). Best practices for outreach and engagement to latino audiences using community-based programs. Journal of Human Sciences and Extension, 4(2), 148-166. https://www.jhseonline.com/article/view/704

Webster, N., & Smith, M. (2018). Strategies for 4-H program planning and recruitment relative to African American male youths. Journal of Extension, 56(4), Article 6. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/joe/vol56/iss4/6

Worker, S., Janiero, M. F., & Lewis, K. (2020). Youth in 4-H Latino Initiative programs achieve similar outcomes to youth in 4-H community clubs. California Agriculture, 74(1), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.2019a0027

Youth.gov (n.d.). Positive youth development. https://youth.gov/youth-topics/positive-youth-development

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