Lund LH, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, Benden C, Christie JD, Dipchand AI, Dobbels F, Goldfarb SB, Levvey BJ, Meiser B, Yusen RD, Stehlik J (2014) The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Thirtieth Official Adult Heart Transplant Report--2013; focus theme: age. International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 33(10):996–1008

Chih S, Chong AY, Mielniczuk LM, Bhatt DL, Beanlands RS (2016) Allograft Vasculopathy: The Achilles’ Heel of Heart Transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 68(1):80–91

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Thorn EM, de Filippi CR (2007) Echocardiography in the cardiac transplant recipient. Heart Fail Clin 3(1):51–67

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mehra MR, Crespo-Leiro MG, Dipchand A et al (2010) International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation working formulation of a standardized nomenclature for cardiac allograft vasculopathy. J Heart Lung Transpl 29:717–27

Tavakol M, Ashraf S, Brener SJ (2012) Risks and complications of coronary angiography: a comprehensive review. Glob J Health Sci 4(1):65–93

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

González-Vílchez F, Vázquez de Prada JA (2014) Chronic renal insufficiency in heart transplant recipients: risk factors and management options. Drugs 74(13):1481–94

Wu HA, Kolias TJ (2012) Cardiac Transplantation: Pretransplant and Posttransplant Evaluation. In Otto CM ed. The Practice of Clinical Echocardiography, 4th Eds. 585–596

Spes CH, Klaus V, Mudra H et al (1999) Diagnostic and prognostic value of dobutamine stress echocardiography for noninvasive assessment of cardiac allograft vasculopathy: a comparison with coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound. Circulation 100:505–515

Article  Google Scholar 

Waggoner AD, Bierig MS (2001) Tissue Doppler imaging a useful echocardiographic method for the cardiac sonographer to assess systolic and diastolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 12:1143–1152

Article  Google Scholar 

Collings CA, Pinto FJ, Valentine HA (1994) Exercise echocardiography in heart transplant recipients: a comparison with angiography and intracoronary ultrasonography. J Heart Lung Transplant 13(4):604–613

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smart FW, Balantyne CM, Cocanougher B et al (1991) Insensitivity of noninvasive tests to detect coronary artery vasculopathy after after heart transplant. Am J Cardiol 67(4):243–247

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Daud A, Xu D, Revelo MP, Shah Z, Drakos SG, Dranow E, Stoddard G, Kfoury AG, Hammond MEH, Nativi-Nicolau J, Alharethi R, Miller DV, Gilbert EM, Wever-Pinzon O, McKellar SH, Afshar K, Khan F, Fang JC, Selzman CH, Stehlik J (2018) Microvascular Loss and Diastolic Dysfunction in Severe Symptomatic Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy. Circ Heart Fail (8):e004759

Chirakarnjanakorn S, Starling RC, Popović ZB, Griffin BP, Desai MY. Dobutamine stress echocardiography during follow-up surveillance in heart transplant patients: Diagnostic accuracy and predictors of outcomes. J Heart Lung Transpl 34:710–7

Barbir M, Lazem F, Banner N, Mitchell A, Yacoub M (1997) The prognostic significance of non-invasive cardiac tests in heart transplant recipients. Eur Heart J 18:692–696

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kobashigawa JA (2001) Heart Transplantation. In: Norman DJ, Turka LA, eds. Primer on Transplantation, 2nd edition, Mt. Laurel, N J Am Soc Transpl 321–66

Zengin E, Westermann D, Radunski U et al (2015) Cardiac mechanics in heart transplant recipients with and without transplant vasculopathy. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 31(4):795–803

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lunze FI, Colan SD, Gauvreau K et al (2013) Tissue Doppler imaging for rejection surveillance in pediatric heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 32:1027–1033

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Störk S, Behr TM, Birk M, Uberfuhr P, Klauss V, Spes CH, Angermann CE (2006) Assessment of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy Late After Heart Transplantation: When Is Coronary Angiography Necessary? J Heart Lung Transplant 25(9):1103–1108

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Dandel M, Hummel M, Müller J et al (2001) Reliability of tissue Doppler monitoring after heart transplantation for replacement of invasive routine screenings by optimally timed cardiac biopsies and catheterizations. Circulation 104(12):I184–I191

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Pan C, Wang C, Pan W et al (2011) Usefulness of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to quantify global left ventricular function and mechanical dyssynchrony after heart transplantation. Acta Cardiol 66(3):365–370

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sutherland G, Steward M, Grondstroen K et al (1994) Color Doppler myocardial imaging. A new technique for assessment of myocardial function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 7:441–58

Dandel M, Hummel M, Meyer R, Müller J, Kapell S, Ewert R, Hetzer R (2002) Left ventricular dysfunction during cardiac allograft rejection: early diagnosis, relationship to the histological severity grade and therapeutic implications. Transpl Proc 34:2169–2173

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Hummel M, Dandel M, Knollmann F, Muller J, Knosalla C, Ewert R et al (2001) Long-term surveillance of heart-transplanted patients: noninvasive monitoring of acute rejection episodes and transplant vasculopathy. Transplant Proc 33:3539–3542

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Dandel M, Hetzer R (2009) Echocardiographic strain and strain rate imaging – Clinical applications Int J Cardiol 132:11–24

Logstrup BB, Andersen HR, Thuesen L et al (2013) Left ventricular global systolic longitudinal deformation and prognosis 1 year after femoral and apical transcatheter aortic valve implantation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 26:246–254

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Clemmensen TS, Løgstrup BB, Eiskjær H, Poulsen SH (2015) Evaluation of longitudinal myocardial deformation by 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography in heart transplant recipients: relation to coronary allograft vasculopathy. J Heart Lung Transplant 34:195–203

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Clemmensen TS, Eiskjær H, Løgstrup BB, Tolbod LP, Harms HJ, Bouchelouche K, Hoff C, Frøkiær J, Poulsen SH (2016) Noninvasive detection of cardiac allograft vasculopathy by stress exercise echocardiographic assessment of myocardial deformation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 29:480–490

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Clemmensen TS, Løgstrup BB, Eiskjaer H, Poulsen SH (2016) Coronary flow reserve predicts longitudinal myocardial deformation capacity in heart-transplanted patients. Echocardiography 33:562–571

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Dandel M, Hetzer R (2017) Post-transplant surveillance for acute rejection and allograft vasculopathy by echocardiography: Usefulness of myocardial velocity and deformation imaging. J Heart Lung Transplant 36(2):117–131

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sciaccaluga C, Mandoli GE, Sisti N, Natali MB, Ibrahim A, Menci D, D'Errico A, Donati G, Benfari G, Valente S, Bernazzali S, Maccherini M, Mondillo S, Cameli M, Focardi M (2021) Detection of cardiac allograft vasculopathy by multi-layer left ventricular longitudinal strain in heart transplant recipients. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging

Dandel M, Lehmkuhl H, Knosalla C, Grauhan O, Weng Y, Pasic M, Hetzer R (2008) Echocardiographic 2D-strain imaging for early detection of patients with focal coronary stenoses after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transpl 27(2 Suppl1):S95–96

Budhe S, Richmond ME, Gilbert J, Lai WW (2015) Longitudinal strain by speckle-tracking echocardiography in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Congenit Heart Dis 10:362–370

Article  Google Scholar 

Dandel M, Wellnhofer E, Lehmkuhl H et al Early detection of left ventricular wall motion alterations in heart allografts with coronary artery disease: diagnostic value of tissue Doppler and two-dimensional (2D) strain echocardiography

Ghali MCZ, Stewart R, Ghali GZ, Blitzer W (2020) Two dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography detects cardiac allograft stage III vasculopathy in recipients of heart transplants with preserved systolic function. Acta Cardiol 31:1–11

Google Scholar 

Salles AF, Oliveira JA (2000) Adaptation to exercise following cardiac transplantation. Arq Bras Cardiol 75(1):70–90

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Squires RW, Leung TC, Cyr NS et al (2002) Partial normalization of the heart rate response to exercise after cardiac transplantation: frequency and relationship to exercise capacity. Mayo Clin Proc 77(12):1295–1300

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Quigg R, Salyer J, Mohanty PK, Simpson P (1998) Impaired exercise capacity late after cardiac transplantation: influence of chronotropic incompetence, hypertension, and calcium channel blockers. Am Heart J 136(3):465–473

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Gebska MA, Williford NN, Schadler AJ, Laxson C, Alvarez P, Briasoulis A, Cadaret LM, Yumul-Non IKT, Kerber RE, Weiss RM (2020) Pharmacological vs Exercise Stress Echocardiography for Detection of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 4(1):65–75

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Ciliberto GR, Parodi O, Cataldo G et al (2003) Prognostic value of contractile response during high-dose dipyridamole echocardiography test in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 22(5):526–532

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ciliberto GR, Massa D, Mangiavacchi M et al (1993) High-dose dipyridamole echocardiography test in coronary artery disease after heart transplantation. Eur Heart J 14(1):48–52

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Flox A, Sanchez V, Delgado JF, Fernandez S, Tello R, Jimenez J, Garcia J, Gomez MA, Lombera F, Saenz de la Calzada C (2002) Is atropine infusion necessary to achieve the target heart rate in heart transplant patients during dobutamine stress echocardiography? Transpl Proc 34 3241–3242

Kociolek LK, Bierig SM, Herrmann SC, Labovitz AJ (2006) Efficacy of atropine as a chronotropic agent in heart transplant patients undergoing dobutamine stress echocardiography. Echocardiography 23383–387

Gibson PH, Riesgo F, Choy JB, Kim DH, Becher H (2015) Dobutamine stress echocardiography after cardiac transplantation: implications of donor-recipient age difference. Echo Res Pract 2(2):65–71

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Costanzo MR, Dipchand A, Starling R, Anderson A et al (2010) The International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the care of heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 29(8):914–956

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Badano LP, Miglioranza MH, Edvardsen T et al (2015) European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging/Cardiovascular Imaging Department of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology recommendations for the use of cardiac imaging to assess and follow patients after heart transplantation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 16:919–948

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Clerkin KJ, Ali ZA, Mancini DM (2017) New developments for the detection and treatment of cardiac vasculopathy. Curr Opin Cardiol 32:316–325

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

RC. Clerkin KJ, Farr MA, Restaino SW, Ali ZA (2016) Mancini DM. Dobutamine stress echocardiography is inadequate to detect early cardiac allograft vasculopathy. J Heart Lung Transpl 35(8):1040–1

Akosah KO, Mohanty PK, Funai JT et al (1994) Noninvasive detection of transplant coronary artery disease by dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Heart Lung Transplant 13:1024–1038

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elkaryoni A, Abu-Sheasha G, Altibi AM, Hassan A, Ellakany K, Nanda NC (2019) Diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography in the detection of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Echocardiography 36(3):528–536

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hussein S, Dandel M, Hetzer R (2014) Exercise echocardiography with speckle-tracking derived strain and strain-rate analysis allows detection of heart transplant recipients with focal coronary stenoses. Circulation 130 (Suppl 2): A 18742

Eroglu E, D’Hooge J, Sutherland GR et al (2008) Quantitative dobutamine stress echocardiography for early detection of cardiac allograft vasculopathy in heart transplant recipients. Heart 94: 2 e3

Knuuti J, Wijns W, Saraste A et al (2020) 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 41:407–477

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Gilbert EM, Eiswirth CC, Mealey PC, Larrabee P, Herrick CM, Bristow MR (1989) Beta-adrenergic supersensitivity of the transplanted human heart is presynaptic in origin. Circulation 79:344–349

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Shah NR, Blankstein R, Villines T, Imran H, Morrison AR, Cheezum MK (2018) Coronary CTA for Surveillance of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep 11:26

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article