Available online 9 June 2022, 107649

Implantation of a chronic microdrive array caused sexually dimorphic behavioral effects.

Microdrive male mice learned faster than both intact and ovariectomized females.

The weight of the drive alone did not cause the sex-differences in behavior.

Proteomics analysis suggest the MAPK pathway, acute inflammation, and BDNF may underlie these changes.

Neuroscience techniques, including in vivo recording, have allowed for a great expansion in knowledge; however, this technology may also affect the very phenomena researchers set out to investigate. Including both female and male mice in our associative learning experiments shed light on sex differences on the impact of chronic implantation of tetrodes on learning. While previous research showed intact female mice acquired trace eyeblink conditioning faster than male and ovariectomized females, implantation of chronic microdrive arrays showed sexually dimorphic effects on learning. Microdrive implanted male mice acquired the associative learning paradigm faster than both intact and ovariectomized females. These effects were not due to the weight of the drive alone, as there were no significant sex-differences in learning of animals that received “dummy drive” implants without tetrodes lowered into the brain. Tandem mass tag mass spectrometry and western blot analysis suggest that significant alterations in the MAPK pathway, acute inflammation, and brain derived neurotrophic factor may underlie these observed sex- and surgery-dependent effects on learning.

Sex Differences

Stress

Chronic Implant

Learning

Eyeblink Conditioning

In Vivo Electrophysiology

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

Brain Derived Nerve Growth Factor

trace eyeblink conditioning

brain derived neurotrophic factor

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Triethylammonium bicarbonate

liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

GO, Biological Process Complete

BDNF/NT-3 growth factors receptor

Dual specificity protein phosphatase 7

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

© 2022 Published by Elsevier Inc.