Trachoma

World Health Organization. Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021–2030 (World Health Organization, 2020).

Flaxman, S. R. et al. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990–2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob. Health 5, e1221–e1234 (2017).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor, H. R. et al. An animal model of trachoma II. The importance of repeated reinfection. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 23, 507–515 (1982).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grayston, J. T., Wang, S. P., Yeh, L. J. & Kuo, C. C. Importance of reinfection in the pathogenesis of trachoma. Rev. Infect. Dis. 7, 717–725 (1985).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hadfield, J. et al. Comprehensive global genome dynamics of Chlamydia trachomatis show ancient diversification followed by contemporary mixing and recent lineage expansion. Genome Res. 27, 1220–1229 (2017).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

West, S. K., Munoz, B., Mkocha, H., Hsieh, Y. H. & Lynch, M. C. Progression of active trachoma to scarring in a cohort of Tanzanian children. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 8, 137–144 (2001).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wolle, M. A., Munoz, B. E., Mkocha, H. & West, S. K. Constant ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis predicts risk of scarring in children in Tanzania. Ophthalmology 116, 243–247 (2009).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rajak, S. N. et al. The clinical phenotype of trachomatous trichiasis in Ethiopia: not all trichiasis is due to entropion. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52, 7974–7980 (2011).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Palmer, S. L. et al. ‘A living death’: a qualitative assessment of quality of life among women with trichiasis in rural Niger. Int. Health 6, 291–297 (2014).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frick, K. D., Hanson, C. L. & Jacobson, G. A. Global burden of trachoma and economics of the disease. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 69, 1–10 (2003).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Habtamu, E. et al. Trachoma and relative poverty: a case-control study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 9, e0004228 (2015).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taylor, H. R. Trachoma: a Blinding Scourge from the Bronze Age to the Twenty-First Century (Centre for Eye Research Australia, 2008).

Dolin, P. J. et al. Reduction of trachoma in a sub-Saharan village in absence of a disease control programme. Lancet 349, 1511–1512 (1997).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoechsmann, A. et al. Reduction of trachoma in the absence of antibiotic treatment: evidence from a population-based survey in Malawi. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 8, 145–153 (2001).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jha, H. et al. Disappearance of trachoma from Western Nepal. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35, 765–768 (2002).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flueckiger, R. M. et al. The global burden of trichiasis in 2016. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13, e0007835 (2019).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020: progress report on elimination of trachoma, 2020. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec. 96, 353–364 (2021). The most recent annual progress report from WHO on global trachoma elimination.

Google Scholar 

Sata, E. et al. Twelve-year longitudinal trends in trachoma prevalence among children aged 1–9 years in Amhara, Ethiopia, 2007–2019. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-1365 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Duke-Elder, W. S. Textbook of Ophthalmology. Volume II: Clinical Methods of Examination, Congenital and Developmental Anomalies, General Pathological and Therapeutic Considerations, Diseases of the Outer Eye (Henry Kimpton, 1937).

Dunn, F. L. Sociomedical contributions to trachoma research and intervention. Rev. Infect. Dis. 7, 783–786 (1985).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor, H. R. Trachoma in Australia. Med. J. Aust. 175, 371–372 (2001).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mabey, D. C., Bailey, R. L., Ward, M. E. & Whittle, H. C. A longitudinal study of trachoma in a Gambian village: implications concerning the pathogenesis of chlamydial infection. Epidemiol. Infect. 108, 343–351 (1992).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taylor, H. R. & Anjou, M. D. Trachoma in Australia: an update. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 41, 508–512 (2013).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith, J. L. et al. The geographical distribution and burden of trachoma in Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7, e2359 (2013).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tafida, A. et al. Poverty and blindness in Nigeria: results from the National Survey of Blindness and Visual Impairment. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 22, 333–341 (2015).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Solomon, A. W. et al. Strategies for control of trachoma: observational study with quantitative PCR. Lancet 362, 198–204 (2003).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taylor, H. R., Siler, J. A., Mkocha, H. A., Munoz, B. & West, S. The natural history of endemic trachoma: a longitudinal study. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 46, 552–559 (1992).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burton, M. J. et al. Re-emergence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection after mass antibiotic treatment of a trachoma-endemic Gambian community: a longitudinal study. Lancet 365, 1321–1328 (2005).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Solomon, A. W. et al. Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for trachoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 351, 1962–1971 (2004).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

West, E. S. et al. Mass treatment and the effect on the load of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in a trachoma-hyperendemic community. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46, 83–87 (2005).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Last, A. et al. Spatial clustering of high load ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in trachoma: a cross-sectional population-based study. Pathog. Dis. 75, 1–10 (2017).

Google Scholar 

World Health Organization Strategic and Technical Advisory Group on Neglected Tropical Diseases. Design and Validation of a Trachomatous Trichiasis-Only Survey WHO/HTM/NTD/PCT/2017.08 (World Health Organization, 2018).

Bero, B. et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for trachoma in Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia: results of 79 population-based prevalence surveys conducted with the Global Trachoma Mapping Project. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 23, 392–405 (2016).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Adera, T. H. et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for trachoma in southern nations, nationalities, and peoples’ region, ethiopia: results of 40 population-based prevalence surveys carried out with the global trachoma mapping project. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 23, 84–93 (2016).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cromwell, E. A. et al. The excess burden of trachomatous trichiasis in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 103, 985–992 (2009).

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wondimu, A. & Bejiga, A. Prevalence of trachomatous trichiasis in the community of Alaba District, Southern Ethiopia. East. Afr. Med. J. 80, 365–368 (2003).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Courtright, P. & West, S. K. Contribution of sex-linked biology and gender roles to disparities with trachoma. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10, 2012–2016 (2004).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berry, A. & Hall, J. V. The complexity of interactions between female sex hormones and Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Curr. Clin. Microbiol. Rep. 6, 67–75 (2019).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang, S. P. & Grayston, J. T. Immunologic relationship between genital TRIC, lymphogranuloma venereum, and related organisms in a new microtiter indirect immunofluorescence test. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 70, 367–374 (1970).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elwell, C., Mirrashidi, K. & Engel, J. Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 14, 385–400 (2016).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gitsels, A., Sanders, N. & Vanrompay, D. Chlamydial infection from outside to inside. Front. Microbiol. 10, 2329 (2019).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caldwell, H. D., Kromhout, J. & Schachter, J. Purification and partial characterization of the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect. Immun. 31, 1161–1176 (1981).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Harris, S. R. et al. Whole-genome analysis of diverse Chlamydia trachomatis strains identifies phylogenetic relationships masked by current clinical typing. Nat. Genet. 44, 413–419 (2012).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Caldwell, H. D. et al. Polymorphisms in Chlamydia trachomatis tryptophan synthase genes differentiate between genital and ocular isolates. J. Clin. Invest. 111, 1757–1769 (2003).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Puck, A., Liappis, N. & Hildenbrand, G. Ion exchange column chromatographic investigation of free amino acids in tears of healthy adults. Ophthalmic Res. 16, 284–288 (1984).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belland, R. J. et al. Genomic transcriptional profiling of the developmental cycle of Chlamydia trachomatis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8478–8483 (2003).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ohashi, K., Burkart, V., Flohé, S. & Kolb, H. Cutting edge: heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the Toll-like receptor-4 complex. J. Immunol. 164, 558–561 (2000).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bailey, R., Osmond, C., Mabey, D. C., Whittle, H. C. & Ward, M. E. Analysis of the household distribution of trachoma in a Gambian village using a Monte Carlo simulation procedure. Int. J. Epidemiol. 18, 944–951 (1989).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

West, S. K., Munoz, B., Turner, V. M., Mmbaga, B. B. & Taylor, H. R. The epidemiology of trachoma in central Tanzania. Int. J. Epidemiol. 20, 1088–1092 (1991).

CAS  PubMed 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif