Trained immunity: implications for vaccination

ElsevierVolume 77, August 2022, 102190Current Opinion in ImmunologyHighlights•

Trained immunity is induced in a variety of innate immune cell types.

Central and peripheral trained immunity underlies the long-term effects of innate immunity.

Metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming underpins the generation of trained immunity.

Trained immunity can explain epidemiological evidence on live vaccines' beneficial heterologous effects.

The concept that only adaptive immunity can build immunological memory has been challenged in the past decade. Live attenuated vaccines such as the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin, measles-containing vaccines, and the oral polio vaccine have been shown to reduce overall mortality beyond their effects attributable to the targeted diseases. After an encounter with a primary stimulus, epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming of bone marrow progenitor cells and functional changes of tissue immune cell populations result in augmented immune responses against a secondary challenge. This process has been termed trained immunity. This review describes the mechanisms leading to trained immunity and summarizes the most important developments from the past few years.

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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