Epigenetic adjuvants: durable reprogramming of the innate immune systemsy with adjuvants

ElsevierVolume 77, August 2022, 102189Current Opinion in ImmunologyHighlights•

Studies suggest adjuvants could induce epigenetic reprogramming of myeloid cells.

Reprogramming could lead to a durable state of heightened antiviral resistance.

This provides promise for a new class of antigen-agnostic universal vaccines.

Development of effective vaccines is a critical global health priority. Stimulating antigen-specific B and T cells to elicit long-lasting protection remains the central paradigm of vaccinology. Adjuvants are components that enhance vaccine immunogenicity by targeting specific innate immune receptors and pathways. Recent data highlight the capacity of adjuvants to induce durable epigenetic reprogramming of the innate immune system to engender heightened resistance against pathogens. This raises the prospect of developing epigenetic adjuvants that, in addition to stimulating robust T and B cell responses, convey broad protection against diverse pathogens by training the innate immune system. In this review, we discuss our emerging understanding of the various vaccines and adjuvants and their effects on durable reprogramming of the innate immune response, their putative mechanisms of action, and the promise and challenges of developing epigenetic adjuvants as a universal vaccine strategy.

AbbreviationsBCG

Bacillus Calmette–Guérin

PAMPs

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PBMC

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell

APC

Antigen presenting cell

IRF

Interferon regulatory factors

MAP

Mitogen-activated protein

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