Available online 14 April 2022
AbstractDue to the high prevalence of breast cancer in the female, a metastasis from primary breast cancer is usually considered in the differential diagnosis of metastatic carcinoma in the female patient, even for those without a history of breast cancer, as some breast cancers are first diagnosed as metastases. Immunohistochemical analysis for breast cancer markers is the most common way to determine breast cancer origin besides clinical history and histology. In this review, we (1) summarize the commonly used and the newly identified breast cancer markers, including GCDFP-15, mammaglobin, GATA3, SOX10, and TRPS1; (2) point out the strengths and weaknesses of using these markers for breast cancers with luminal/epithelial or basal/myoepithelial differentiation; and (3) recommend diagnostic panels to differentiate breast carcinoma from carcinoma with similar morphology of other origins.
Key wordsbreast cancer markers
GCDFP-15
mammaglobin
GATA3
SOX10
and TRPS1
AbbreviationsHER2human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
IBCinvasive breast carcinoma
IDCinvasive ductal carcinoma
TNBCtriple-negative breast cancer
GCDFP-15gross cystic disease fluid protein-15
GATA3GATA binding protein 3
SOX10SRY-related HMG-box 10
TRPS1trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1
FOXC1forkhead box transcription factor C1
FOXA1forkhead box transcription factor A1
PELP1proline glutamic acid and leucine-rich protein 1
Wnt9bWnt Family Member 9b
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