記住我
At the Cutting Edge
Free Access
AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has precipitated a global health crisis of unprecedented proportions. Due to its severe impact, multiple COVID-19 vaccines are being developed, approved, and manufactured rapidly. However, some serious adverse events (AEs) were reported after the application of them, significantly increasing concerns about the safety and efficacy of the vaccines and doubts about the necessity of vaccination. Particularly, previous vaccination campaigns have shown us that partial vaccination can induce neurologic AEs. Herein, we discuss in depth the involvement of the nervous system during SARS-CoV-2 infection or after vaccination. On the one hand, COVID-19 could pose an enormous threat to human neurological health through direct infection and indirect neurotoxicity effects. On the other hand, our review indicated that only a few serious neurological AEs following vaccination occurred and among which headache was the most common. Moreover, some neurological AEs do not seem to be related to vaccination. Of course, the causal relationships between several vaccines and AEs are considered plausible, and it is not doubtful that these AEs should be taken seriously by clinicians in assessing the potential risks and benefits of vaccinations in special populations. Nevertheless, in the case of the rapid spread of COVID-19, the potential side effects of vaccination on the nervous system should be compared with adverse COVID-19 outcomes rather than being considered alone. Thus, it is obviously a wise option to be vaccinated instead of suffering from serious adverse symptoms of virus infection.
© 2022 S. Karger AG, Basel
References World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID19) dashboard. 2022. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/. Mehta PR, Apap Mangion S, Benger M, Stanton BR, Czuprynska J, Arya R, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis and thrombocytopenia after COVID-19 vaccination: a report of two UK cases. Brain Behav Immun. 2021 Jul;95:514–7. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M, Hu Y, Chen S, He Q, et al. Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Jun 1;77(6):683–90. Chou SH, Beghi E, Helbok R, Moro E, Sampson J, Altamirano V, et al. Global incidence of neurological manifestations among patients hospitalized with COVID-19: a report for the GCS-NeuroCOVID Consortium and the ENERGY Consortium. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 May 3;4(5):e2112131. Zhang X, Wang F, Shen Y, Zhang X, Cen Y, Wang B, et al. Symptoms and health outcomes among survivors of COVID-19 infection 1 year after discharge from hospitals in Wuhan, China. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2127403. Scappaticcio L, Pitoia F, Esposito K, Piccardo A, Trimboli P. Impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid gland: an update. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2021 Dec;22(4):803–15. Gu WT, Zhou F, Xie WQ, Wang S, Yao H, Liu YT, et al. A potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 on pituitary glands and pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Endocrine. 2021 May;72(2):340–8. Sato N, Watanabe K, Ohta K, Tanaka H. Acute transverse myelitis and acute motor axonal neuropathy developed after vaccinations against seasonal and 2009 A/H1N1 influenza. Intern Med. 2011;50(5):503–7. Kelly H. Evidence for a causal association between oral polio vaccine and transverse myelitis: a case history and review of the literature. J Paediatr Child Health. 2006 Apr;42(4):155–9. Bir LS, Eşmeli FO, Cenikli U, Erdoğan C, Değirmenci E. Acute transverse myelitis at the conus medullaris level after rabies vaccination in a patient with Behçet’s disease. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30(3):294–6. Lim S, Park SM, Choi HS, Kim DK, Kim HB, Yang BG, et al. Transverse myelitis after measles and rubella vaccination. J Paediatr Child Health. 2004 Sep–Oct;40(9–10):583–4. Lasky T, Terracciano GJ, Magder L, Koski CL, Ballesteros M, Nash D, et al. The Guillain-Barre syndrome and the 1992–1993 and 1993–1994 influenza vaccines. N Engl J Med. 1998 Dec 17;339(25):1797–802. Fransz DP, Schönhuth CP, Postma TJ, van Royen BJ. Parsonage-Turner syndrome following post-exposure prophylaxis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014 Aug 7;15:265. Persson I, Granath F, Askling J, Ludvigsson JF, Olsson T, Feltelius N. Risks of neurological and immune-related diseases, including narcolepsy, after vaccination with Pandemrix: a population- and registry-based cohort study with over 2 years of follow-up. J Intern Med. 2014 Feb;275(2):172–90. Huynh W, Cordato DJ, Kehdi E, Masters LT, Dedousis C. Post-vaccination encephalomyelitis: literature review and illustrative case. J Clin Neurosci. 2008 Dec;15(12):1315–22. Vrethem M, Malmgren K, Lindh J. A patient with both narcolepsy and multiple sclerosis in association with Pandemrix vaccination. J Neurol Sci. 2012 Oct 15;321(1–2):89–91. Hernan MA, Jick SS, Olek MJ, Jick H. Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine and the risk of multiple sclerosis: a prospective study. Neurology. 2004 Sep 14;63(5):838–42. Menge T, Cree B, Saleh A, Waterboer T, Berthele A, Kalluri SR, et al. Neuromyelitis optica following human papillomavirus vaccination. Neurology. 2012 Jul 17;79(3):285–7. Bulfamante G, Chiumello D, Canevini MP, Priori A, Mazzanti M, Centanni S, et al. First ultrastructural autoptic findings of SARS -Cov-2 in olfactory pathways and brainstem. Minerva Anestesiol. 2020 Jun;86(6):678–9. Remmelink M, De Mendonca R, D’Haene N, De Clercq S, Verocq C, Lebrun L, et al. Unspecific post-mortem findings despite multiorgan viral spread in COVID-19 patients. Crit Care. 2020 Aug 12;24(1):495. Li YC, Zhang Y, Tan BH. What can cerebrospinal fluid testing and brain autopsies tell us about viral neuroinvasion of SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol. 2021 Jul;93(7):4247–57. Bryche B, St Albin A, Murri S, Lacote S, Pulido C, Ar Gouilh M, et al. Massive transient damage of the olfactory epithelium associated with infection of sustentacular cells by SARS-CoV-2 in golden Syrian hamsters. Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Oct;89:579–86. Leist SR, Dinnon KH 3rd, Schafer A, Tse LV, Okuda K, Hou YJ, et al. A mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 induces acute lung injury and mortality in standard laboratory mice. Cell. 2020 Nov 12;183(4):1070–85.e12. Zhang AJ, Lee AC, Chu H, Chan JF, Fan Z, Li C, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 infects and damages the mature and immature olfactory sensory neurons of hamsters. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 15;73(2):e503–12. Zheng J, Wong LR, Li K, Verma AK, Ortiz ME, Wohlford-Lenane C, et al. COVID-19 treatments and pathogenesis including anosmia in K18-hACE2 mice. Nature. 2021 Jan;589(7843):603–7. Butowt R, Meunier N, Bryche B, von Bartheld CS. The olfactory nerve is not a likely route to brain infection in COVID-19: a critical review of data from humans and animal models. Acta Neuropathol. 2021 Jun;141(6):809–22. Ye Q, Zhou J, Yang G, Li R-T, He Q, Zhang Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes transient olfactory dysfunction in mice. bioRxiv. 2020. Epub ahead of print. de Melo GD, Lazarini F, Levallois S, Hautefort C, Michel V, Larrous F, et al. COVID-19-related anosmia is associated with viral persistence and inflammation in human olfactory epithelium and brain infection in hamsters. Sci Transl Med. 2021 Jun 2;13(596):eabf8396. Schwob JE. Neural regeneration and the peripheral olfactory system. Anat Rec. 2002 Feb 15;269(1):33–49. Scoppettuolo P, Borrelli S, Naeije G. Neurological involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a clinical systematic review. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2020 May;5:100094. Zhou Y, Fu B, Zheng X, Wang D, Zhao C, Yingjie Qi RS, et al. Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients. Natl Sci Rev. 2020;7(6):998–1002. Yang YH, Huang YH, Chuang YH, Peng CM, Wang LC, Lin YT, et al. Autoantibodies against human epithelial cells and endothelial cells after severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus infection. J Med Virol. 2005 Sep;77(1):1–7. Kim S, Kwon SH, Kam TI, Panicker N, Karuppagounder SS, Lee S, et al. Transneuronal propagation of pathologic alpha-synuclein from the gut to the brain models Parkinson’s disease. Neuron. 2019 Aug 21;103(4):627–41.e7. Shi Y, Li Z, Yang C, Liu C. The role of gut-brain axis in SARA-CoV-2 neuroinvasion: culprit or innocent bystander? Brain Behav Immun. 2021 May;94:476–7. Chen F, Hao L, Zhu S, Yang X, Shi W, Zheng K, et al. Potential adverse effects of dexamethasone therapy on COVID-19 patients: review and recommendations. Infect Dis Ther. 2021 Dec;10(4):1907–31. RECOVERY Collaborative Group; Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, Mafham M, Bell JL, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 25;384(8):693–704. Vivithanaporn P, Asahchop EL, Acharjee S, Baker GB, Power C. HIV protease inhibitors disrupt astrocytic glutamate transporter function and neurobehavioral performance. AIDS. 2016 Feb 20;30(4):543–52. von der Ahe D, Huehnchen P, Balkaya M, Peruzzaro S, Endres M, Boehmerle W. Suramin-induced neurotoxicity: preclinical models and neuroprotective strategies. Molecules. 2018 Feb 7;23(2):346. Falsey AR, Sobieszczyk ME, Hirsch I, Sproule S, Robb ML, Corey L, et al. Phase 3 safety and efficacy of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021 Dec 16;385(25):2348–60. Halperin SA, Ye L, MacKinnon-Cameron D, Smith B, Cahn PE, Ruiz-Palacios GM, et al. Final efficacy analysis, interim safety analysis, and immunogenicity of a single dose of recombinant novel coronavirus vaccine (adenovirus type 5 vector) in adults 18 years and older: an international, multicentre, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2022 Jan 15;399(10321):237–48. Logunov DY, Dolzhikova IV, Shcheblyakov DV, Tukhvatulin AI, Zubkova OV, Dzharullaeva AS, et al. Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia. Lancet. 2021 Feb 20;397(10275):671–81. Hardt K, Vandebosch A, Sadoff J, Gars ML, Truyers C, Lowson D, et al. Efficacy and safety of a booster regimen of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against Covid-19. medRxiv. 2022. Epub ahead of print. Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A, Cardenas V, Shukarev G, Grinsztejn B, et al. Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jun 10;384(23):2187–201. El Sahly HM, Baden LR, Essink B, Doblecki-Lewis S, Martin JM, Anderson EJ, et al. Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at completion of blinded phase. N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 4;385(19):1774–85. Thomas SJ, Moreira ED Jr, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine through 6 months. N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 4;385(19):1761–73. Kremsner PG, Ahuad Guerrero RA, Arana-Arri E, Aroca Martinez GJ, Bonten M, Chandler R, et al. Efficacy and safety of the CVnCoV SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate in ten countries in Europe and Latin America (HERALD): a randomised, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2b/3 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Mar;22(3):329–40. Chen GL, Li XF, Dai XH, Li N, Cheng ML, Huang Z, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 ARCoV mRNA vaccine in Chinese adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Lancet Microbe. 2022 Mar;3(3):e193–202. Palacios R, Batista AP, Albuquerque CSN, Patiño EG, do Prado Santos J, Tilli Reis Pessoa Conde M, et al. Efficacy and safety of a COVID-19 inactivated vaccine in healthcare professionals in Brazil: the PROFISCOV study. 2021. Available from SSRN: https://ssrncom/abstract=3822780 http://dxdoiorg/102139/ssrn3822780. Tanriover MD, Doganay HL, Akova M, Guner HR, Azap A, Akhan S, et al. Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey. Lancet. 2021 Jul 17;398(10296):213–22. Bueno SM, Abarca K, González PA, Gálvez NM, Soto JA, Duarte LF, et al. Interim report: safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in healthy chilean adults in a phase 3 clinical trial. medRxiv. 2021. Epub ahead of print. Al Kaabi N, Zhang Y, Xia S, Yang Y, Al Qahtani MM, Abdulrazzaq N, et al. Effect of 2 inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on symptomatic COVID-19 infection in adults: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021 Jul 6;326(1):35–45. Che Y, Liu X, Pu Y, Zhou M, Zhao Z, Jiang R, et al. Randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled phase II trial of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Dec 6;73(11):e3949–55. Khairullin B, Zakarya K, Orynbayev M, Abduraimov Y, Kassenov M, Sarsenbayeva G, et al. Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion vaccine against COVID-19, QazCovid-in®, in healthy adults: a multicentre, randomised, single-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial with a 6-month follow-up. 2022. Available at SSRN: https://ssrncom/abstract=4016484 http://dxdoiorg/102139/ssrn4016484. Ella R, Reddy S, Blackwelder W, Potdar V, Yadav P, Sarangi V, et al. Efficacy, safety, and lot to lot immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (BBV152): a, double-blind, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. medRxiv. 2021. Epub ahead of print. Pan H, Liu J, Huang B, Li G, Chang X, Liu Y, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine (KCONVAC) in healthy adults: two randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled phase 1/2 clinical trials. medRxiv. 2021. Epub ahead of print. Pitisuttithum P, Luvira V, Lawpoolsri S, Muangnoicharoen S, Kamolratanakul S, Sivakorn C, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated recombinant newcastle disease virus vaccine expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike: interim results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. medRxiv. 2021. Epub ahead of print. Ishmukhametov AA, Siniugina AA, Yagovkina NV, Kuzubov VI, Zakharov KA, Volok VP, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of inactivated whole virion vaccine CoviVac against COVID-19: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase I/II clinical trial. medRxiv. 2022. Epub ahead of print. Heath PT, Galiza EP, Baxter DN, Boffito M, Browne D, Burns F, et al. Safety and efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 23;385(13):1172–83. Dunkle LM, Kotloff KL, Gay CL, Anez G, Adelglass JM, Barrat Hernandez AQ, et al. Efficacy and safety of NVX-CoV2373 in adults in the United States and Mexico. N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 10;386(6):531–43. Yang S, Li Y, Dai L, Wang J, He P, Li C, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant tandem-repeat dimeric RBD-based protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) against COVID-19 in adults: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Aug;21(8):1107–19. Goepfert PA, Fu B, Chabanon AL, Bonaparte MI, Davis MG, Essink BJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine formulations in healthy adults: interim results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1–2, dose-ranging study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Sep;21(9):1257–70. Bravo L, Smolenov I, Han HH, Li P, Hosain R, Rockhold F, et al. Efficacy of the adjuvanted subunit protein COVID-19 vaccine, SCB-2019: a phase 2 and 3 multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2022 Jan 29;399(10323):461–72. Hsieh SM, Liu MC, Chen YH, Lee WS, Hwang SJ, Cheng SH, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of CpG 1018 and aluminium hydroxide-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 S-2P protein vaccine MVC-COV1901: interim results of a large-scale, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial in Taiwan. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Dec;9(12):1396–406. Toledo-Romani ME, Garcia-Carmenate M, Silva CV, Baldoquin-Rodriguez W, Pérez MM, Gonzalez MCR, et al. Efficacy and safety of SOBERANA 02, a COVID-19 conjugate vaccine in heterologous three-dose combination. medRxiv. 2021. Epub ahead of print. Meng FY, Gao F, Jia SY, Wu XH, Li JX, Guo XL, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (Sf9 cells) in healthy population aged 18 years or older: two single-center, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and phase 2 trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021 Jul 15;6(1):271. Hernández-Bernal F, Ricardo-Cobas MC, Martín-Bauta Y, Navarro-Rodríguez Z, Piñera-Martínez M, Quintana-Guerra J, et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2 clinical trial (ABDALA Study). medRxiv. 2021. Epub ahead of print. Nguyen TP, Do Q, Phan LT, Dinh DV, Khong H, Hoang LV, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Nanocovax, a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein vaccine. medRxiv. 2021. Epub ahead of print. Chappell KJ, Mordant FL, Li Z, Wijesundara DK, Ellenberg P, Lackenby JA, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an MF59-adjuvanted spike glycoprotein-clamp vaccine for SARS-CoV-2: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Oct;21(10):1383–94. Shu YJ, He JF, Pei RJ, He P, Huang ZH, Chen SM, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant fusion protein vaccine (V-01) against coronavirus disease 2019 in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II trial. Chin Med J. 2021 Jul 22;134(16):1967–76. Hager KJ, Marc GP, Gobeil P, Diaz RS, Heizer G, Llapur C, et al. Efficacy and safety of a plant-based virus-like particle vaccine for COVID-19 adjuvanted with AS03. medRxiv. 2022. Epub ahead of print. Mammen MP Jr, Tebas P, Agnes J, Giffear M, Kraynyak KA, Blackwood E, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of INO-4800 DNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 2 clinical trial in adults at high risk of viral exposure. medRxiv. 2021. Epub ahead of print. Gobel CH, Heinze A, Karstedt S, Morscheck M, Tashiro L, Cirkel A, et al. Clinical characteristics of headache after vaccination against COVID-19 (coronavirus SARS-CoV-2) with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: a multicentre observational cohort study. Brain Commun. 2021;3(3):fcab169. Min YG, Ju W, Ha YE, Ban JJ, Lee SA, Sung JJ, et al. Sensory Guillain-Barre syndrome following the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine: report of two cases and review of literature. J Neuroimmunol. 2021 Aug 8;359:577691. Krzywicka K, Heldner MR, Sanchez van Kammen M, van Haaps T, Hiltunen S, Silvis SM, et al. Post-SARS-CoV-2-vaccination cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: an analysis of cases notified to the European Medicines Agency. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Nov;28(11):3656–62. Pagenkopf C, Südmeyer M. A case of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis following vaccination against Covid-19. J Neuroimmunol. 2021 Sep 15;358:577606. See I, Su JR, Lale A, Woo EJ, Guh AY, Shimabukuro TT, et al. US case reports of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with thrombocytopenia after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination, March 2 to April 21, 2021. JAMA. 2021 Jun 22;325(24):2448–56. Tahir N, Koorapati G, Prasad S, Jeelani HM, Sherchan R, Shrestha J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-induced transverse myelitis. Cureus. 2021 Jul;13(7):e16624. Martin-Villares C, Vazquez-Feito A, Gonzalez-Gimeno MJ, de la Nogal-Fernandez B. Bell’s palsy following a single dose of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: a case report. J Neurol. 2022 Jan;269(1):47–8. Abbattista M, Martinelli I, Peyvandi F. Comparison of adverse drug reactions among four COVID-19 vaccines in Europe using the EudraVigilance database: thrombosis at unusual sites. J Thromb Haemost. 2021 Oct;19(10):2554–8. Queler SC, Towbin AJ, Milani C, Whang J, Sneag DB. Parsonage-Turner syndrome following COVID-19 vaccination: MR neurography. Radiology. 2022 Jan;302(1):84–7. Colella G, Orlandi M, Cirillo N. Bell’s palsy following COVID-19 vaccination. J Neurol. 2021 Oct;268(10):3589–91. Razok A, Shams A, Almeer A, Zahid M. Post-COVID-19 vaccine Guillain-Barré syndrome; first reported case from Qatar. Authorea. 2021 Jul;67:102540. Waheed W, Carey ME, Tandan SR, Tandan R. Post COVID-19 vaccine small fiber neuropathy. Muscle Nerve. 2021 Jul;64(1):E1–2. Zavala-Jonguitud LF, Perez-Garcia CC. Delirium triggered by COVID-19 vaccine in an elderly patient. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2021 Jun;21(6):540. Allen CM, Ramsamy S, Tarr AW, Tighe PJ, Irving WL, Tanasescu R, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome variant occurring after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Ann Neurol. 2021 Aug;90(2):315–8. Kowarz E, Krutzke L, Kulp M, Streb P, Larghero P, Reis J, et al. Vaccine-induced COVID-19 mimicry syndrome. Elife. 2022 Jan 27;11:e74974. Taquet M, Husain M, Geddes JR, Luciano S, Harrison PJ. Cerebral venous thrombosis and portal vein thrombosis: a retrospective cohort study of 537,913 COVID-19 cases. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Sep;39:101061. Singh RJ, Saini J, Varadharajan S, Kulkarni GB, Veerendrakumar M. Headache in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis revisited: exploring the role of vascular congestion and cortical vein thrombosis. Cephalalgia. 2018 Mar;38(3):503–10. Agostoni E. Headache in cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurol Sci. 2004 Oct;25 Suppl 3:S206–10. Vegezzi E, Ravaglia S, Buongarzone G, Bini P, Diamanti L, Gastaldi M, et al. Acute myelitis and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: casual or causal association? J Neuroimmunol. 2021 Jul 31;359:577686. Cirillo N, Doan R. Bell’s palsy and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines-an unfolding story. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Sep;21(9):1210–1. Soeiro T, Salvo F, Pariente A, Grandvuillemin A, Jonville-Béra AP, Micallef J. Type I interferons as the potential mechanism linking mRNA COVID-19 vaccines to Bell’s palsy. Therapie. 2021 Jul–Aug;76(4):365–7. Greco A, Gallo A, Fusconi M, Marinelli C, Macri GF, de Vincentiis M. Bell’s palsy and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2012 Dec;12(2):323–8. Furer V, Zisman D, Kibari A, Rimar D, Paran Y, Elkayam O. Herpes zoster following BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccination in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a case series. Rheumatology. 2021 Oct 9;60:SI90–5. Garcia-Grimshaw M, Michel-Chavez A, Vera-Zertuche JM, Galnares-Olalde JA, Hernandez-Vanegas LE, Figueroa-Cucurachi M, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome is infrequent among recipients of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Clin Immunol. 2021 Sep;230:108818. Talotta R. Do COVID-19 RNA-based vaccines put at risk of immune-mediated diseases? In reply to “potential antigenic cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and human tissue with a possible link to an increase in autoimmune diseases”. Clin Immunol. 2021 Mar;224:108665. Article / Publication DetailsFirst-Page Preview
Received: October 17, 2021
Accepted: March 07, 2022
Published online: March 22, 2022
Number of Print Pages: 12
Number of Figures: 0
Number of Tables: 3
ISSN: 0028-3835 (Print)
eISSN: 1423-0194 (Online)
For additional information: https://www.karger.com/NEN
Tables
Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer
Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
留言 (0)