Genetics and epigenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: translational implications

Elsevier

Available online 11 April 2022, 101661

Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & MetabolismAbstract

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves’ disease (GD) are prevalent autoimmune disorders, representing opposite ends of the clinical spectrum of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). The pathogenesis involves a complex interplay between environment and genes. Specific susceptibility genes have been discovered that predispose to AITD, including thyroid-specific and immune-regulatory genes. Growing evidence has revealed that genetic and epigenetic variants can alter autoantigen presentation during the development of immune tolerance, can enhance self-peptide binding to MHC (major histocompatibility complex), and can amplify stimulation of T- and B-cells. These gene-driven mechanistic discoveries lay the groundwork for novel treatment targets. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of key AITD susceptibility genes (Tg, TSHR, HLA-DR3, and CD40) and their translational therapeutic potential.

Keywords

Autoimmunity

Genes

Epigenetics

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Graves’ disease

thyroglobulin

CD40

HLA

MHC

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