Degirmenci U, Wang M, Hu J (2020) Targeting aberrant RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling for cancer therapy. Cells 9(1):198

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Munoz-Couselo E et al (2017) NRAS-mutant melanoma: current challenges and future prospect. Onco Targets Ther 10:3941–3947

Article  Google Scholar 

Queisser A, Boon LM, Vikkula M (2018) Etiology and genetics of congenital vascular lesions. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 51(1):41–53

Article  Google Scholar 

Groesser L et al (2016) BRAF and RAS mutations in sporadic and secondary pyogenic granuloma. J Invest Dermatol 136(2):481–486

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Lim YH et al (2015) Somatic activating RAS mutations cause vascular tumors including pyogenic granuloma. J Invest Dermatol 135(6):1698–1700

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Barclay SF et al (2019) A somatic activating NRAS variant associated with kaposiform lymphangiomatosis. Genet Med. 21(7):1517–1524. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41436-018-0390-0

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Foster JB et al (2020) Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis effectively treated with MEK inhibition. EMBO Mol Med 12(10):e12324

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ingram DA et al (2004) Identification of a novel hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells using human peripheral and umbilical cord blood. Blood 104(9):2752–2760

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW (2012) NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods 9(7):671–675

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Nakatsu MN, Hughes CC (2008) An optimized three-dimensional in vitro model for the analysis of angiogenesis. Methods Enzymol 443:65–82

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Schindelin J et al (2012) Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 9(7):676–682

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Le Cras TD et al (2020) Constitutively active PIK3CA mutations are expressed by lymphatic and vascular endothelial cells in capillary lymphatic venous malformation. Angiogenesis 23(3):425–442

Article  Google Scholar 

Cai Y et al (2019) Constitutive Active Mutant TIE2 Induces Enlarged Vascular Lumen Formation with Loss of Apico-basal Polarity and Pericyte Recruitment. Sci Rep 9(1):12352

Article  Google Scholar 

Croteau SE et al (2014) Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis: a distinct aggressive lymphatic anomaly. J Pediatr 164(2):383–388

Article  Google Scholar 

Limaye N et al (2015) Somatic activating PIK3CA mutations cause venous malformation. Am J Hum Genet 97(6):914–921

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Crist AM et al (2019) Angiopoietin-2 inhibition rescues arteriovenous malformation in a smad4 hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia mouse model. Circulation 139(17):2049–2063

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Li QF et al (2018) Activation of ras in the vascular endothelium induces brain vascular malformations and hemorrhagic stroke. Cell Rep 24(11):2869–2882

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Li X et al (2019) Ponatinib combined with rapamycin causes regression of murine venous malformation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 39(3):496–512

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Fish JE et al (2020) Somatic gain of KRAS function in the endothelium is sufficient to cause vascular malformations that require MEK but not PI3K signaling. Circ Res 127(6):727–743

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Homayun-Sepehr N et al (2021) KRAS-driven model of gorham-stout disease effectively treated with trametinib. JCI Insight 6(15):e149831

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Adams DM et al (2016) Efficacy and safety of sirolimus in the treatment of complicated vascular anomalies. Pediatrics 137(2):1–10

Google Scholar 

Crane J et al (2020) Kaposiform lymphangiomatosis treated with multimodal therapy improves coagulopathy and reduces blood angiopoietin-2 levels. Pediatr Blood Cancer 67(9):e28529

CAS  Article  Google Scholar