1. Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, et al. (2020). Global cancer observatory: Cancer today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today/data/factsheets/cancers/12-Gallbladder-fact-sheet.pdf.
Google Scholar2. Hundal, R, Shaffer, EA. Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and outcome. Clin Epidemiol 2014; 6: 99–109.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI3. Garcia, P, Lamarca, A, Diaz, J, et al. Current and new biomarkers for early detection, prognostic stratification, and management of gallbladder cancer patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12: 367014.
Google Scholar | Crossref4. Rizzo, A, Brandi, G. Pitfalls, challenges, and updates in adjuvant systemic treatment for resected biliary tract cancer. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15: 547–554.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Rizzo, A, Brandi, G. BILCAP trial and adjuvant capecitabine in resectable biliary tract cancer: reflections on a standard of care. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 15: 483–485.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Huang, Z, Liu, F. Diagnostic value of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35: 7459–7465.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Lee, T, Teng, TZJ, Shelat, VG. Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 - tumor marker: past, present, and future. World J Gastrointest Surg 2020; 12: 468–490.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline8. Agrawal, S, Lawrence, A, Saxena, R. Does CA 19-9 have prognostic relevance in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC)? J Gastrointest Cancer 2018; 49: 144–149.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Liu, F, Wang, JK, Ma, WJ, et al. Clinical value of preoperative CA19-9 levels in evaluating resectability of gallbladder carcinoma. ANZ J Surg 2019; 89: E76–E80.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Wang, YF, Feng, FL, Zhao, XH, et al. Combined detection tumor markers for diagnosis and prognosis of gallbladder cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 4085–4092.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Page, MJ, McKenzie, JE, Bossuyt, PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. PLoS Med 2021: e1003583.
Google Scholar12. Whiting, PF, Rutjes, AW, Westwood, ME, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med 2011; 155: 529–536.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI13. Eusebi, P . Diagnostic accuracy measures. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 36: 267–272.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI14. Macaskill P, Gatsonis C, Deeks JJ, et al. Chapter 10: Analysing and presenting results. In: Deeks JJ, Bossuyt PM, Gatsonis C (eds), Cochrane Handbook for systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy version 1.0. The cochrane collaboration, 2010. Available from: http://srdta.cochrane.org/.
Google Scholar15. Bind, MK, Mishra, RR, Kumar, V, et al. Serum CA 19-9 and CA 125 as a diagnostic marker in carcinoma of gallbladder. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2021; 64: 65–68.
Google Scholar | Medline16. Chen, M, Cao, J, Bai, Y, et al. Development and validation of a nomogram for early detection of malignant gallbladder lesions. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2019; 10: e00098.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Chen, Z, Liu, Z, Zhang, Y, et al. Combination of CA19-9 and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio for the differential diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12: 4475–4482.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Gao, L, Chen, S, Wang, G. Effect of ultrasound combined with determination of CA19-9 and CEA on the accuracy of early diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. Chin J Surg Integr Tradit West Med (Chin) 2017; 23: 239–242.
Google Scholar19. Gong, P, Yao, C, Zhao, X. Diagnostic value of combined detection of serum CA199, CA125, CEA, and CA153 for gallbladder carcinoma. Shandong Med J 2013; 53: 58–59.
Google Scholar20. Huang, L, Chen, W, Liang, PW, et al. Serum CYFRA 21–1 in biliary tract cancers: a reliable biomarker for gallbladder carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 60: 1273–1283.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Kong, WH, Zhang, L, An, R, et al. Diagnostic value of serum D-dimer for detection of gallbladder carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13: 2549–2556.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Li, Z . Exploring the clinical value of combined detection of CEA, CA19-9, and CA125 in the diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. Orient Diet Ther Health Care (Chin) 2017; 10: 249.
Google Scholar23. Liu, K, Ge, X. Clinical analysis of 32 cases of gallbladder carcinoma detected by tumor marker CA19-9. J Bengbu Med Coll (Chin) 2000; 25: 463–464.
Google Scholar24. Liu, KM . Application of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen in diagnosis of biliary carcinomas. J Chin Prescription Drug (Chin) 2019; 17: 129–130.
Google Scholar25. Liu, S, Yuan, H. The further evaluation of the clinical significance of serum CA199 and its diagnostic value of hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases. J Med Theor Prac (Chin) 2009; 22: 1417–1419.
Google Scholar26. Song, Z, Liao, Y, Yuan, J. Clinical significance of combined detection of serum CA199 and CA125 in patients with gallbladder carcinoma. Psychol Doct (Chin) 2017; 23: 55–57.
Google Scholar27. Su, M, Zhao, X. Diagnostic value of detection of CA19-9, CEA, AFP, and CA125 in gallbladder carcinoma patients. Med J Chin Armed Police Forces (Chin) 2008; 19: 906–908.
Google Scholar28. Ueta, E, Tsutsumi, K, Kato, H, et al. Extracellular vesicle-shuttled miRNAs as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and their potential roles in gallbladder cancer patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 13.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline29. Wang, Q, Pan, S, Chen, Y. Clinical significance of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level in gallbladder cancer patients. Chin J Clin Med (Chin) 2006; 13: 591–592.
Google Scholar30. Wang, Q, Qi, J, Hu, L. Clinical significance of combined detection of serum tumor markers in diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. Int J Lab Med (Chin) 2016; 37: 106–107.
Google Scholar31. Wang, S, Zhang, D. Three tumor markers combined detection in diagnosis of gallbladder cancers. Chin J Surg Integr Tradit West Med (Chin) 2014; 20: 485–487.
Google Scholar32. Wang, X, Zheng, X, Li, G. Diagnostic value of combined detection of tumor markers in diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. J Clin Med Literature (Chin) 2016; 3: 9606.
Google Scholar33. Wu, L, Huang, Q, Fu, B, et al. Role of combined testing of serum tumor markers in diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. J Hepatopancreatobiliary Surg (Chin 2004; 16: 32–34.
Google Scholar34. Wu, Y . Efficacy of serum CA199, CA242 and CA125 in diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. Chin Med Devices (Chin) 2016; 31: 139–140.
Google Scholar35. Yu, F, Wang, Y, Wu, X, et al. Diagnostic value of detection of S100A11 in gallbladder carcinoma patients. Chin J Mod Med (Chin) 2014; 24: 37–41.
Google Scholar36. Yun, W, Wang, H. The diagnosing value of tumor markers in serum for five digestive system cancers. J Qinghai Med Coll (Chin) 2010; 31: 92–95.
Google Scholar37. Zhang, Y, Yang, Q. Diagnostic value of combined detection of serum CA125, CA199, and CEA in diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. Mod Dig Interv (Chin) 2019; 24: 1465–1467.
Google Scholar38. Zhang, YD . Serum CA199, CA242, CA125 joint clinical value in the diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma detection. J Hepatopancreatobiliary Surg (Chin) 2016; 24: 106–110.
Google Scholar39. Zhou, J, Chen, H, Chen, Y. Diagnostic value of five serum tumor markers in digestive system tumors and benign diseases by microparticle enzyme immunoassay. Chin J Health Lab Tec (Chin) 2014; 24: 972–975.
Google Scholar40. Zhu, C, Shen, J, Huang, G, et al. The clinical value of CA-242 and CA19-9 immunoassay in differential diagnosis of benign and malignant gallbladder disease and the influence of hyperbilirubinemia. Nuclear Tech (Chin) 2003; 26: 367–370.
Google Scholar41. Benson, AB, D’Angelica, MI, Abbott, DE, et al. Hepatobiliary cancers, version 2.2021, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. JNCCN 2021; 19: 541–565.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline42. Sachan, A, Saluja, SS, Nekarakanti, PK, et al. Raised CA19-9 and CEA have prognostic relevance in gallbladder carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2020; 20: 826.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. Schmidt, MA, Marcano-Bonilla, L, Roberts, LR. Gallbladder cancer: epidemiology and genetic risk associations. Chin Clin Oncol 2019; 8: 31.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline44. Ren, T, Li, Y, Zhang, X, et al. Protocol for a gallbladder cancer registry study in China: the Chinese research group of gallbladder cancer (CRGGC) study. BMJ Open 2021; 11: e038634.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline45. Tsen, A, Barbara, M, Rosenkranz, L. Dilemma of elevated CA 19-9 in biliary pathology. Pancreatology 2018; 18: 862–867.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline46. Liang, B, Zhong, L, He, Q, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serum CA19-9 in patients with cholangiocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21: 3555–3563.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline47. Lin, MS, Huang, JX, Yu, H. Elevated serum level of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in benign biliary stricture diseases can reduce its value as a tumor marker. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7: 744–750.
Google Scholar | Medline