1. Thompson, AJ, Banwell, BL, Barkhof, F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol 2018; 17(2): 162–173.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI2. Gaitán, MI, Correale, J. Multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis: A persistent problem to solve. Front Neurol 2019; 10: 466.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. Kaisey, M, Solomon, AJ, Luu, M, et al. Incidence of multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis in referrals to two academic centers. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 30: 51–56.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Midaglia, L, Sastre-Garriga, J, Pappolla, A, et al. The frequency and characteristics of MS misdiagnosis in patients referred to the multiple sclerosis centre of Catalonia. Mult Scler 2021; 27(6): 913–921.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI5. Tintore, M, Vidal-Jordana, A, Sastre-Garriga, J. Treatment of multiple sclerosis: Success from bench to bedside. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15(1): 53–58.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Solomon, AJ, Corboy, JR. The tension between early diagnosis and misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Neurol 2017; 13(9): 567–572.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline7. Solomon, AJ, Bourdette, DN, Cross, AH, et al. The contemporary spectrum of multiple sclerosis misdiagnosis. Neurology 2016; 87(13): 1393–1399.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI8. Min, JH, Kim, BJ, Lee, KH. Development of extensive brain lesions following fingolimod (FTY720) treatment in a patient with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Mult Scler 2012; 18(1): 113–115.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI9. Jurynczyk, M, Jurynczyk, J, Zaleski, K, et al. Natalizumab and the development of extensive brain lesions in neuromyelitis optica. J Neurol 2013; 260(7): 1919–1921.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Poser, CM . Misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis and β-interferon. Lancet 1997; 349(9069): 1916.
Google Scholar | Crossref11. Carmosino, MJ, Brousseau, KM, Arciniegas, DB, et al. Initial evaluations for multiple sclerosis in a university multiple sclerosis center: Outcomes and role of magnetic resonance imaging in referral. Arch Neurol 2005; 62(4): 585–590.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Okuda, D, Mowry, EM, Beheshtian, A, et al. Incidental MRI anomalies suggestive of multiple sclerosis: The radiologically isolated syndrome. Neurology 2009; 72(9): 800–805.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI13. Yamout, BI, Khoury, SJ, Ayyoubi, N, et al. Alternative diagnoses in patients referred to specialized centers for suspected MS. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2017; 18: 85–89.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Calabrese, M, Gasperini, C, Tortorella, C, et al. “Better explanations” in multiple sclerosis diagnostic workup: A 3-year longitudinal study. Neurology 2019; 92(22): 2527–2537.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. McGinley, MP, Goldschmidt, CH, Rae-Grant, AD. Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: A review. JAMA 2021; 325(8): 765–779.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Brown, R, Low, A, Markus, HS. Rate of, and risk factors for, white matter hyperintensity growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis with implications for clinical trial design. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92(12): 1271–1277.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. Park, K, Nemoto, K, Yamakawa, Y, et al. Cerebral white matter hyperintensity as a healthcare quotient. J Clin Med 2019; 8(11): 1823.
Google Scholar | Crossref18. Patrucco, L, Rojas, JI, Miguez, JS, et al. Application of the McDonald 2010 criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in an Argentinean cohort of patients with clinically isolated syndromes. Mult Scler 2013; 19(10): 1297–1301.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI19. Vasconcelos, F, Cristina, C, Santos, M, et al. The reliability of specific primary progressive MS criteria in an ethnically diverse population. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2008; 270(1–2): 159–164.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline20. Cassará, P, Fátima, C, Celeste, M, et al. Application of the 2017 McDonald criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis after a first demyelinating event in patients from Argentina. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 41: 102043.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. Polman, CH, Reingold, SC, Banwell, B, et al. Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: 2010 Revisions to the McDonald criteria. Ann Neurol 2011; 69(2): 292–302.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI22. Arrambide, G, Tintore, M, Espejo, C, et al. The value of oligoclonal bands in the multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria. Brain 2018; 141(4): 1075–1084.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Wattjes, MP, Ciccarelli, O, Reich, DS, et al. 2021 MAGNIMS–CMSC–NAIMS consensus recommendations on the use of MRI in patients with multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20(8): 653–670.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Solomon, AJ, Eran, L. Disclosing a misdiagnosis of multiple sclerosis: Do no harm. Continuum 2013; 19:1087–1091.
Google Scholar | Medline25. Rocha, AJL, Nunes, IA, Hoffmann, R, et al. Central nervous system infectious diseases mimicking multiple sclerosis: Recognizing distinguishable features using MRI. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2013; 71(9B): 738–746.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline