Sergey Staroverov Saratov State Agrarian University, Saratov, Russian federation Sergey Kozlov Saratov State Agrarian University, Saratov https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2164-8140 Alexander Fomin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russian Federation Konstantin Gabalov Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russian Federation Vitaliy Khanadeev Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russian Federation https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3404-5402 Dmitry Soldatov Saratov State Agrarian University, Saratov https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2296-5770 Ivan Domnitsky Saratov State Agrarian University, Saratov https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6530-7295 Lev Dykman Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russian Federation https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2440-6761 Sergey V. Akchurin Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russian Federation Olga Guliy Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russian Federation https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0541-0020 Abstract

Silymarin (Sil) was conjugated to selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) to increase Sil bioavailability. The conjugates were monodisperse; the average diameter of the native SeNPs was ~ 20-50 ± 1.5 nm, whereas that of the conjugates was 30-50 ± 0.5 nm. The use of SeNPs to increase the bioavailability of Syl was examined with the MH-22a, EPNT-5, HeLa, Hep-2, and SPEV-2 cell lines. The EPNT-5 (glioblastoma) cells were the most sensitive to the conjugates compared to the conjugate-free control. The conjugates increased the activity of cellular dehydrogenases and promoted the penetration of Sil into the intracellular space. Possibly, SeNPs play the main part in Sil penetration of cells and Sil penetration is not associated with phagocytosis. Thus, SeNPs are promising for use as a Sil carrier and as protective antigens.

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