Careful histopathologic examination remains the cornerstone in the diagnosis of the clinically and biologically heterogeneous group of lymphoid malignancies. However, recent advances in genomic and epigenomic characterization using high-throughput technologies have significantly improved our understanding of these tumors. Although no single genomic alteration is completely specific for a lymphoma entity, some alterations are highly recurrent in certain entities and thus can provide complementary diagnostic information when integrated in the hematopathological diagnostic work-up. Moreover, other alterations may provide important information regarding the clinical course, i.e. prognostic or risk-stratifying markers, or response to treatment, i.e. predictive markers, which may allow tailoring the patient's treatment based on (epi)genetic characteristics. In this review, we will focus on clinically relevant diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers identified in more common types of B cell malignancies, and discuss how diagnostic assays designed for comprehensive molecular profiling may pave the way for the implementation of precision diagnostics/medicine approaches. We will also discuss future directions in this rapidly evolving field, including the application of single-cell sequencing and other omics technologies, to decipher clonal dynamics and evolution in lymphoid malignancies.

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