*Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY

†Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center

Departments of ‡Epidemiology and Population Health

§Biomedical Data Science

∥Statistics, Stanford University, and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford, CA

Presented virtually on March 20, 2021, at the Papper Event hosted by the Department of Anesthesiology at Columbia University Irving Medical Center in New York, NY.

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Address correspondence to: John P.A. Ioannidis, MD, DSc. E-mail: [email protected].