Can the second law of thermodynamics explain our mental experience of the direction of time? According to an influential approach, the past hypothesis of universal low entropy (required to explain the temporal directionality of the second law in terms of fundamental physics, which is time-symmetric) also explains how the psychological arrow comes about. We argue that although this approach has many attractive features, it cannot explain the psychological arrow after all. In particular, we show that the past hypothesis is neither necessary nor sufficient to explain the psychological arrow on the basis of current physics. We propose two necessary conditions on the workings of the brain that any account of the psychological arrow of time must satisfy. And we propose a new reductive physical account of the psychological arrow of time compatible with time-symmetric physics, according to which these two conditions are also sufficient. Our proposal has some radical implications, for example, that the psychological arrow of time is fundamental, whereas the temporal direction of entropy increase in the second law of thermodynamics and the past hypothesis is derived from it, rather than the other way around.

2.  A Physical Account of the Psychological Arrow of Time

3.  Necessary Conditions for the Psychological Arrow of Time

4.  The Psychological Arrow of Time via the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Past Hypothesis

5.  Why the Past Hypothesis Is Insufficient for the Psychological Arrow of Time

5.1.  Stage 1, Version 1: From the past hypothesis to the psychological arrow via typicality

5.2.  Stage 1, Version 2: From the past hypothesis to the psychological arrow via dynamical or causal considerations

5.3.  Stage 2: From entropy gradient in the brain to the psychological arrow of time

6.  Why the Past Hypothesis Is Unnecessary for the Psychological Arrow of Time

7.  A New Reductive Account of the Psychological Arrow of Time