True Threats, Self-Defense, and the Second Amendment

1. Armus, T., Bellware, K., “St. Louis Couple Point Guns at Crowd of Protesters Calling for Mayor to Resign,” Washington Post, June 29, 2020, available at <https://www.washington-post.com/nation/2020/06/29/st-louis-protest-gun-mayor/> ().
Google Scholar2. Id.
Google Scholar3. Brownlee, C. , “What Counts as Brandishing? When Is it Illegal?” The Trace, July 2, 2020, available at <https://www.thetrace.org/2020/07/armed-st-louis-missouri-couple-threat-brandishing-self-defense/> ().
Google Scholar4. Martin, J. , “Missouri Gov: St. Louis Couple ‘Had Every Right’ to Wave Guns at Protestors,” Newsweek, July 14, 2020, available at <https://www.newsweek.com/missouri-gov-st-louis-couple-had-every-right-wave-guns-protesters-1517821> ().
Google Scholar5. Armus, T., Bellware, K., “‘She's Got the Gun on Me’: White Woman Charged with Assault After Pulling Pistol on Black Mother, Daughter,” Washington Post, July 2, 2020, available at <https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/07/02/michigan-woman-gun-video/> ().
Google Scholar6. Charles, J.B. , “Ahmaud Arbery Shooting Ignites Fight to Repeal ‘Stand Your Ground’ Laws,” The Trace, May 15, 2020, available at <https://www.thetrace.org/2020/05/ahmaud-arbery-shooting-ignites-fight-to-repeal-stand-your-ground-laws/> ().
Google Scholar7. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 630 (2008); id. at 599; see also McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 U.S. 742, 744 (2010).
Google Scholar8. See infra notes and accompanying text.
Google Scholar9. See generally Ruben, E. , “An Unstable Core: Self-Defense and the Second Amendment,” California Law Review 108, no. 1 (2020): 63-106.
Google Scholar10. See, e.g., Kachalsky v. County of Westchester, 701 F.3d 81, 91 (2d Cir. 2012); see also Blocher, J., Morgan, L., “Doctrinal Dynamism, Borrowing, and the Relationship between Rules and Rights,” William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 28 (2019): 319-346;

Google ScholarCharles, J.D. , “Constructing a Constitutional Right: Borrowing and Second Amendment Design Choices,” North Carolina Law Review 99 (2020);

Google ScholarMagarian, G.P. , “Political and Non-Political Speech and Guns,” William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal 28 (2019): 429-457.
Google Scholar

11. See, e.g., Ezell v. City of Chicago, 651 F.3d 684, 706–07 (7th Cir. 2011); Blocher, J. , “The Right Not to Keep or Bear Arms,” Stanford Law Review 64, no. 1 (2012): 1-54;

Google ScholarMiller, D.A.H. , “Guns as Smut: Defending the Home-Bound Second Amendment,” Columbia Law Review 110, no. 1 (2009): 1278-1356.
Google Scholar

12. See, e.g., District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 582, 595, 635 (2008).
Google Scholar13. Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 358 (2003).
Google Scholar14. See generally Fletcher, G.P. , A Crime of Self Defense: Bernard Goetz and the Law on Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); see also

Google ScholarNourse, V.F. , “Self-Defense and Subjectivity,” University of Chicago Law Review Unbound 68, no. 4 (2001): 1235-1308.
Google Scholar | Crossref

15. See infra notes and sources cited therein.
Google Scholar16. See, e.g., Wrenn v. District of Columbia, 864 F.3d 650, 661 (D.C. Cir. 2017).
Google Scholar17. Compare Miller, supra note 15, with Volokh, E. , “The First and Second Amendments,” Columbia Law Review Sidebar 109 (2009): 97-104.
Google Scholar18. See Ruben, supra note 9, at 70 n.38 and sources cited therein.
Google Scholar19. See, e.g., Gould v. Morgan, 907 F.3d 659, 663 (1st Cir. 2018).
Google Scholar20. Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 359 (2003).
Google Scholar21. 394 U.S. 705 (1969).
Google Scholar22. See id., at 706.
Google Scholar23. Id.
Google Scholar24. Id.
Google Scholar25. Id.
Google Scholar26. Id., at 707.
Google Scholar27. See id. at 708; see also Rothman, J.E. , “Freedom of Speech and True Threats,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 25, no. 1 (2001): 283-367.
Google Scholar28. Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 348 (2003).
Google Scholar29. Id., at 349.
Google Scholar30. See id., at 354.
Google Scholar31. See id., at 362.
Google Scholar32. See id., at 348.
Google Scholar33. See id.
Google Scholar34. Id., at 359-360.
Google Scholar35. Id., at 360 (citing R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992)); see also Blocher, J., Siegel, R., “Why Regulate Guns?” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, no. 4, Suppl. (2020): 11-16;

Google ScholarRuben, E.M. , “Justifying Perceptions in First and Second Amendment Doctrine,” Law and Contemporary Problems 80, no. 2 (2017): 149-177, at 149.
Google Scholar | Medline

36. See Crane, P.T. , Note, “‘True Threats’ and the Issue of Intent,” Virginia Law Review 92, no. 6 (2006): 1225-1277, at 1243;

Google ScholarMorgan, L. , Note, “Leave Your Guns at Home: The Constitutionality of a Prohibition on Carrying Firearms at Political Demonstrations,” Duke Law Journal 68 (2018): 175-216, at 185-86.
Google Scholar

37. 135 S. Ct. 2001 (2015).
Google Scholar38. 18 U.S.C. § 875 (1934).
Google Scholar39. Id., at 2009, 2012.
Google Scholar40. Id., at 2010.
Google Scholar41. United States v. Elonis, 841 F.3d 589, 599 (3d Cir. 2016).
Google Scholar42. Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 359 (2003).
Google Scholar43. See United States v. Kelner, 534 F.2d 1020 (2d Circ. 1976).
Google Scholar44. Model Penal Code § 2.02(2)(c).
Google Scholar45. Id.
Google Scholar46. Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600, 605-606 (1994).
Google Scholar47. See United States v. Elonis, 135 S. Ct. 2001, 2015 (2015).
Google Scholar48. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 626-27 (2008).
Google Scholar49. 4 William Blackstone, Commentaries *149; see also State v. Huntly, 25 N.C. 418, 420 (1843).
Google Scholar50. Statute of Northampton, 1328, 2 Edw. 3, c. 3 (Eng.).
Google Scholar51. See, e.g., Charles, P.J. , “Faces of the Second Amendment Outside the Home: History Versus Ahistorical Standards of Review,” Cleveland State Law Review 60, no. 1 (2012): 373-482, 373, 341; Miller, supra note 4, at 1317-18.
Google Scholar52. Volokh, E. , “The First and Second Amendments,” Columbia Law Review Sidebar 109 (2009): 97-110, 101.
Google Scholar53. See Brief for CRPA Foundation et al. as Amici Curiae Supporting Appellees at 18-19, Wrenn v. District of Columbia, 864 F.3d 650 (2017) (No. 15-7057).
Google Scholar54. See Robinson, P.H., Dubber, M.D., “The American Model Penal Code: A Brief Overview,” New Criminal Law Review 10, no. 3 (2007): 319-341, 334-36.
Google Scholar | Crossref55. For a partial but useful history, see United States v. Cordoba-Hincapie, 825 F.Supp. 485 (E.D.N.Y.1993).
Google Scholar56. See Steer, J. , “Protesters Chant ‘Freedom Over Safety’ Outside Ohio Statehouse,” Fox 8, April 20, 2020, available at <https://fox8.com/news/coronavirus/protesters-chant-freedom-over-safety-outside-ohio-statehouse> ().
Google Scholar57. See Spitzer, R.J. , “Why Are People Bringing Guns to Anti-quarantine Protests? To Be Intimidating,” Washington Post, April 27, 2020, available at <https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/04/27/why-are-people-bringing-guns-anti-quarantine-protests-be-intimidating/> ().
Google Scholar58. Vigdor, N. , “Armed Man Who Caused Panic at Missouri Walmart Said It Was 2nd Amendment Test, Authorities Say,” New York Times, August 8, 2019.
Google Scholar59. See Mo. Rev. Stat. § 574.120.
Google Scholar60. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 630 (2008).
Google Scholar61. 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1).
Google Scholar62. Model Penal Code § 211.1
Google Scholar63. See Kleck, G., Gertz, M.G., “Armed Resistance to Crime: The Prevalence and Nature of Self-Defense with a Gun,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86, no. 1 (1995): 150-187.
Google Scholar | Crossref64. See Hemenway, D. , “Survey Research and Self-Defense Gun Use: An Explanation of Extreme Overestimates,” Journal Criminal Law and Criminology 87, no. 4 (1997): 1430-1445.
Google Scholar | Crossref65. Hemenway, D., Azrael, D., Miller, M., “Gun Use in the United States: Results from Two National Surveys,” Injury Prevention 6, no. 4 (2000): 263-265;

Google Scholarsee also Duncan, O.D. , “As Compared to What? Offensive and Defensive Gun Use Surveys, 1973–1994,” National Institute of Justice Working Paper 185056 (2000): 1-21;

Google ScholarDuncan, O.D. , “Gun Use Surveys: In Numbers We Trust?” Criminologist 25, no. 1 (2000): 1-7.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline

66. See supra note 64.
Google Scholar

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif