Lanthanide MOFs (Ln-MOFs) have been widely used in biological imaging and fluorescence detection due to their remarkable optical advantages and variable structural designability. We prepared a terbium-based metal-organic framework (Tb-TDA) and applied to the research of fluorescence detection. The detection result demonstrated that Tb-TDA can efficiently recognize malachite green (MG), Fe 3+ and MnO 4 － by fluorescent quenching, having high quenching efficiency K sv (7.02 × 10 4 M -1 for MG; 1.06 × 10 4 M -1 for Fe 3+ ; 1.59 × 10 4 M -1 for MnO 4 － ) and low detection limit (MG: 0.0765 μM; Fe 3+ : 0.697 μM; MnO 4 － : 0.612 μM). The quenching of Tb-TDA’s fluorescence emission by MG, Fe 3+ and MnO 4 － was likely due to the spectral overlap, energy transfer and competition. Among seven analytes, 13 metal cations and 13 anions, Tb-TDA can fast and effectively recognize MG, Fe 3+ and MnO 4 － with high quenching efficiency K sv and low detection limit, representing excellent selectivity and sensitivity. This work provides new perspectives for the development of lanthanide MOFs in detecting malachite green and heavy metal ions, possessing the potential applications in wastewater disposal and environmental protection.