*Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System

†Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA

‡Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI

§Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC

∥Centers for High Value Healthcare and Value Based Pharmacy Initiatives, UPMC Health Plan Insurance Division, Pittsburgh, PA

Primary funding was provided by the VA Health Services Research and Development (HSR&D) Service I01 HX001765-01. J.A. was supported by the University of Pittsburgh NRSA T32 for Primary Medical Care Research (T32HP22240). Support for VA/CMS data is provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Health Administration, Office of Research and Development, Health Services Research and Development, VA Information Resource Center (Project Numbers SDR 02-237 and 98-004).

This work represents the opinions of the authors alone and does not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Veterans Affairs or the United States Government.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Correspondence to: Jonathan Arnold, MD, MS, MSE, Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 220 Meyran Avenue, Room 211, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. E-mail: [email protected].