1. Global Smart Programme . Global Smart Update: Fentanyl and Its Analogues—50 Years On. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; 2017. . https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/Global_SMART_Update_17_web.pdf
Google Scholar2. O’Donnell, JK., Halpin, J., Mattson, CL., Goldberger, BA., Gladden, RM. Deaths involving fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and U-47700—10 states, July–December 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(43):1197-1202.doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6643e1 29095804
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. Busardò, FP., Carlier, J., Giorgetti, R et al. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for quantifying fentanyl and 22 analogs and metabolites in whole blood, urine, and hair. Front Chem. 2019;7:184.doi:10.3389/fchem.2019.00184 31001514
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Prekupec, MP., Mansky, PA., Baumann, MH. Misuse of novel synthetic opioids: a deadly new trend. J Addict Med. 2017;11(4):256-265.doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000324 28590391
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Clinton, HA., Hunter, AA., Logan, SB., Lapidus, GD. Evaluating opioid overdose using the National Violent Death Reporting System, 2016. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;194:371-376.doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.11.002 30481691
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Connecticut Office of the Chief Medical Examiner . Connecticut accidental drug intoxication deaths. Published 2020. . https://portal.ct.gov/OCME/Statistics
Google Scholar7. Mohr, ALA., Friscia, M., Papsun, D., Kacinko, SL., Buzby, D., Logan, BK. Analysis of novel synthetic opioids U-47700, U-50488 and furanyl fentanyl by LC–MS/MS in postmortem casework. J Anal Toxicol. 2016;40(9):709-717.doi:10.1093/jat/bkw086 27590036
Google Scholar | Medline8. Baumann, MH., Majumdar, S., Le Rouzic, V et al. Pharmacological characterization of novel synthetic opioids (NSO) found in the recreational drug marketplace. Neuropharmacology. 2018;134(Pt A):101-107.doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.016 28807672
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Daniulaityte, R., Juhascik, MP., Strayer, KE et al. Trends in fentanyl and fentanyl analogue–related overdose deaths—Montgomery County, Ohio, 2015-2017. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;198:116-120.doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.045 30909018
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. Solimini, R., Pichini, S., Pacifici, R., Busardò, FP., Giorgetti, R. Pharmacotoxicology of non-fentanyl derived new synthetic opioids. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:654. doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.00654 29973882
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Fogarty, MF., Papsun, DM., Logan, BK. Analysis of fentanyl and 18 novel fentanyl analogs and metabolites by LC–MS-MS, and report of fatalities associated with methoxyacetylfentanyl and cyclopropylfentanyl. J Anal Toxicol. 2018;42(9):592-604.doi:10.1093/jat/bky035 29750250
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline12. Cunningham, SM., Haikal, NA., Kraner, JC. Fatal intoxication with acetyl fentanyl. J Forensic Sci. 2016;61(suppl 1):276-280.doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12953
Google Scholar | Crossref13. Lucyk, SN., Nelson, LS. Novel synthetic opioids: an opioid epidemic within an opioid epidemic. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;69(1):91-93.doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.445 27745765
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline14. Armenian, P., Vo, KT., Barr-Walker, J., Lynch, KL. Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: a comprehensive review. Neuropharmacology. 2018;134(Pt A):121-132.doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.016 29042317
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline15. Moody, MT., Diaz, S., Shah, P., Papsun, D., Logan, BK. Analysis of fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids in blood, serum/plasma, and urine in forensic casework. Drug Test Anal. 2018;10(9):1358-1367.doi:10.1002/dta.2393 29633785
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. O’Donnell, J., Gladden, RM., Mattson, CL., Kariisa, M. Notes from the field: overdose deaths with carfentanil and other fentanyl analogs detected—10 states, July 2016–June 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(27):767-768.doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6727a4 30001560
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline17. NMS Labs . Postmortem toxicology. . https://www.nmslabs.com/forensic-testing/death-investigation/postmortem-toxicology
Google Scholar18. O’Donnell, J., Gladden, RM., Goldberger, BA., Mattson, CL., Kariisa, M. Notes from the field: opioid-involved overdose deaths with fentanyl or fentanyl analogs detected—28 states and the District of Columbia, July 2016–December 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(10):271-273.doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6910a4 32163382
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . Rising numbers of deaths involving fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, including carfentanil, and increased usage and mixing with non-opioids. Health Alert Network CDCHAN-00413. July 11, 2018. . https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00413.asp
Google Scholar20. Gladden, RM., O’Donnell, J., Mattson, CL., Seth, P. Changes in opioid-involved overdose deaths by opioid type and presence of benzodiazepines, cocaine, and methamphetamine—25 states, July–December 2017 to January–June 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(34):737-744.doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6834a2 31465320
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline21. US Department of Justice . The countdown: fentanyl analogues & the expiring emergency scheduling order. June 4, 2019. . https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Liskamm-Cherundolo Joint Testimony.pdf
Google Scholar22. Knierim, PE . Tackling fentanyl: the China connection. September 6, 2018. . https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2018-09/DEA Testimony - China and Fentanyl HFAC_0.pdf
Google Scholar23. Delcher, C., Wang, Y., Vega, RS et al. Carfentanil outbreak—Florida, 2016-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(5):125-129.doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6905a2 32027630
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline24. Morrow, JB., Ropero-Miller, JD., Catlin, ML et al. The opioid epidemic: moving toward an integrated, holistic analytical response. J Anal Toxicol. 2019;43(1):1-9.doi:10.1093/jat/bky049 30165647
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline