Floros JD, Newsome R, Fisher W, Barbosa-Cánovas GV, Chen H, Dunne CP, et al. Feeding the world today and tomorrow: the importance of food science and technology: an IFT scientific review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2010;9(5):572–99.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Boekel M, Fogliano V, Pellegrini N, Stanton C, Scholz G, Lalljie S, et al. A review on the beneficial aspects of food processing. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54(9):1215–47.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sadler CR, Grassby T, Hart K, Raats M, Sokolović M, Timotijevic L. Processed food classification: conceptualisation and challenges. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2021.

Augustin MA, Riley M, Stockmann R, Bennett L, Kahl A, Lockett T, et al. Role of food processing in food and nutrition security. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2016;56:115–25.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Miclotte L, Van de Wiele T. Food processing, gut microbiota and the globesity problem. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2020;60(11):1769–82.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Costard S, Espejo L, Groenendaal H, Zagmutt FJ. Outbreak-related disease burden associated with consumption of unpasteurized cow’s milk and cheese, United States, 2009–2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(6):957.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac J-C, Louzada ML, Rauber F, et al. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(5):936–41.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monteiro CA. Nutrition and health. The issue is not food, nor nutrients, so much as processing. Public health nutrition. 2009;12(5):729–31.

Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Moubarac J-C, Levy RB, Louzada MLC, Jaime PC. The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(1):5–17.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mais L, Horta P, Martins A, Claro R. Ultra-processed food and beverage advertising on Brazilian television by International Network for Food and Obesity/Non-Communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support benchmark. Public Health Nutr. 2020;23(15):2657–62.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fagerberg P, Langlet B, Oravsky A, Sandborg J, Löf M, Ioakimidis I. Ultra-processed food advertisements dominate the food advertising landscape in two Stockholm areas with low vs high socioeconomic status. Is it time for regulatory action? BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1–10.

Horta PM, Rodrigues FT, Dos Santos LC. Ultra-processed food product brands on Facebook pages: highly accessed by Brazilians through their marketing techniques. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(8):1515–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Turner S, Jones C. The Milkybar’Kid’: Nestlé, childhood obesity and the regulation of advertising of high sugar and fat ultra-processed products. Br Dent J. 2018;225(8):771–6.

Google Scholar 

Ruíz-Roso MB, de Carvalho PP, Matilla-Escalante DC, Brun P, Ulloa N, Acevedo-Correa D, et al. Changes of physical activity and ultra-processed food consumption in adolescents from different countries during Covid-19 pandemic: An observational study. Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2289.

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bonaccio M, Costanzo S, Ruggiero E, Persichillo M, Esposito S, Olivieri M, et al. Changes in ultra-processed food consumption during the first Italian lockdown following the COVID-19 pandemic and major correlates: results from two population-based cohorts. Public health nutrition. 2021:1–11.

Alamri ES. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behavior: a review. J Public Health Res. 2021.

Botelho R, Araújo W, Pineli L. Food formulation and not processing level: conceptual divergences between public health and food science and technology sectors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58(4):639–50.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones JM. Food processing: criteria for dietary guidance and public health? Proc Nutr Soc. 2019;78(1):4–18.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eicher-Miller HA, Fulgoni VL III, Keast DR. Contributions of processed foods to dietary intake in the US from 2003–2008: a report of the Food and Nutrition Science Solutions Joint Task Force of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Society for Nutrition, Institute of Food Technologists, and International Food Information Council. J Nutr. 2012;142(11):2065S-S2072.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chajès V, Biessy C, Byrnes G, Deharveng G, Saadatian-Elahi M, Jenab M, et al. Ecological-level associations between highly processed food intakes and plasma phospholipid elaidic acid concentrations: results from a cross-sectional study within the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Nutr Cancer. 2011;63(8):1235–50.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones JM, Clemens RA. Processed and ultraprocessed foods defined—an Alice in Wonderland question. Cereal Foods World. 2017;62:120.

Google Scholar 

Moubarac J-C, Parra DC, Cannon G, Monteiro CA. Food classification systems based on food processing: significance and implications for policies and actions: a systematic literature review and assessment. Curr Obes Rep. 2014;3(2):256–72.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Moubarac J-C, Martins APB, Martins CA, Garzillo J, et al. Dietary guidelines to nourish humanity and the planet in the twenty-first century. A blueprint from Brazil. Public health nutrition. 2015;18(13):2311–22.

Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Guidelines on the collection of information on food processing through food consumption surveys. FAO Rome; 2015.

Moubarac J. Ultra-processed food and drink products in Latin America: trends, impact on obesity, policy implications. Pan American Health Organization World Health Organization: Washington, DC, USA. 2015:1–58.

Messer KD, Costanigro M, Kaiser HM. Labeling food processes: the good, the bad and the ugly. Appl Econ Perspect Policy. 2017;39(3):407–27.

Google Scholar 

Drewnowski A, Gupta S, Darmon N. An overlap between “ultraprocessed” foods and the preexisting Nutrient Rich Foods Index? Nutr Today. 2020;55(2):75–81.

Google Scholar 

Ostfeld RJ, Allen KE. Ultra-processed foods and cardiovascular disease: where do we go from here? : American College of Cardiology Foundation Washington DC; 2021

Gibney MJ. Ultra-processed foods: definitions and policy issues. Current developments in nutrition. 2019;3(2):nzy077.

Heinrich V, Zunabovic M, Varzakas T, Bergmair J, Kneifel W. Pulsed light treatment of different food types with a special focus on meat: a critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56(4):591–613.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Andrés JM, Charoux CmM, Cullen P, Tiwari BK. Chemical modifications of lipids and proteins by nonthermal food processing technologies. J Agric Food Chem. 2018;66(20):5041–54.

Misra N, Koubaa M, Roohinejad S, Juliano P, Alpas H, Inácio RS, et al. Landmarks in the historical development of twenty first century food processing technologies. Food Res Int. 2017;97:318–39.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davidou S, Christodoulou A, Fardet A, Frank K. The holistico-reductionist Siga classification according to the degree of food processing: an evaluation of ultra-processed foods in French supermarkets. Food Funct. 2020;11(3):2026–39.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nardocci M, Leclerc B-S, Louzada M-L, Monteiro CA, Batal M, Moubarac J-C. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2019;110(1):4–14.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monteiro CA, Moubarac J-C, Levy RB, Canella DS, da Costa Louzada ML, Cannon G. Household availability of ultra-processed foods and obesity in nineteen European countries. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(1):18–26.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steele EM, Baraldi LG, da Costa Louzada ML, Moubarac J-C, Mozaffarian D, Monteiro CA. Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the US diet: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2016;6(3).

Bielemann RM, Motta JVS, Minten GC, Horta BL, Gigante DP. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and their impact on the diet of young adults. Rev Saude Publica. 2015;49:28.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Louzada MLdC, Martins APB, Canella DS, Baraldi LG, Levy RB, Claro RM, et al. Ultra-processed foods and the nutritional dietary profile in Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública. 2015;49.

Cornwell B, Villamor E, Mora-Plazas M, Marin C, Monteiro CA, Baylin A. Processed and ultra-processed foods are associated with lower-quality nutrient profiles in children from Colombia. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(1):142–7.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fangupo LJ, Haszard JJ, Taylor BJ, Gray AR, Lawrence JA, Taylor RW. Ultra-processed food intake and associations with demographic factors in young New Zealand children. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2021;121(2):305–13.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

ProCon.org: Global Obesity Levels. https://obesity.procon.org/global-obesity-levels/ (2020). Accessed July 7 2021.

Djupegot IL, Nenseth CB, Bere E, Bjørnarå HBT, Helland SH, Øverby NC, et al. The association between time scarcity, sociodemographic correlates and consumption of ultra-processed foods among parents in Norway: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):1–8.

Google Scholar 

Khandpur N, Cediel G, Obando DA, Jaime PC, Parra DC. Sociodemographic factors associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods in Colombia. Rev Saude Publica. 2020;54:19.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marrón-Ponce JA, Sánchez-Pimienta TG, da Costa Louzada ML, Batis C. Energy contribution of NOVA food groups and sociodemographic determinants of ultra-processed food consumption in the Mexican population. Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(1):87–93.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simões BdS, Barreto SM, Molina MdCB, Luft VC, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, et al. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and socioeconomic position: a cross-sectional analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health. Cadernos de saude publica. 2018;34:e00019717.

Marrón-Ponce JA, Tolentino-Mayo L, Hernández-F M, Batis C. Trends in ultra-processed food purchases from 1984 to 2016 in Mexican households. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):45.

Google Scholar 

Moubarac J-C, Batal M, Louzada M, Steele EM, Monteiro C. Consumption of ultra-processed foods predicts diet quality in Canada. Appetite. 2017;108:512–20.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Machado PP, Steele EM, Levy RB, da Costa Louzada ML, Rangan A, Woods J, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption and obesity in the Australian adult population. Nutr Diabetes. 2020;10(1):1–11.

Google Scholar 

Cediel G, Reyes M, da Costa Louzada ML, Steele EM, Monteiro CA, Corvalán C, et al. Ultra-processed foods and added sugars in the Chilean diet (2010). Public Health Nutr. 2018;21(1):125–33.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baker P, Machado P, Santos T, Sievert K, Backholer K, Hadjikakou M, et al. Ultra‐processed foods and the nutrition transition: global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers. Obesity Reviews. 2020;21(12):e13126.

Moran AJ, Khandpur N, Polacsek M, Rimm EB. What factors influence ultra-processed food purchases and consumption in households with children? A comparison between participants and non-participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Appetite. 2019;134:1–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franckle RL, Moran A, Hou T, Blue D, Greene J, Thorndike AN, et al. Transactions at a Northeastern supermarket chain: differences by Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program use. Am J Prev Med. 2017;53(4):e131–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baraldi LG, Steele EM, Canella DS, Monteiro CA. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and associated sociodemographic factors in the USA between 2007 and 2012: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2018;8(3).

Schnabel L, Kesse-Guyot E, Allès B, Touvier M, Srour B, Hercberg S, et al. Association between ultraprocessed food consumption and risk of mortality among middle-aged adults in France. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(4):490–8.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Elizabeth L, Machado P, Zinöcker M, Baker P, Lawrence M. Ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1955.

CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lane MM, Davis JA, Beattie S, Gómez‐Donoso C, Loughman A, O'Neil A, et al. Ultraprocessed food and chronic noncommunicable diseases: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of 43 observational studies. Obesity Reviews. 2021;22(3):e13146.

Pagliai G, Dinu M, Madarena M, Bonaccio M, Iacoviello L, Sofi F. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2021;125(3):308–18.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Konieczna J, Morey M, Abete I, Bes-Rastrollo M, Ruiz-Canela M, Vioque J, et al. Contribution of ultra-processed foods in visceral fat deposition and other adiposity indicators: prospective analysis nested in the PREDIMED-Plus trial. Clinical Nutrition. 2021.

Rauber F, Chang K, Vamos EP, da Costa Louzada ML, Monteiro CA, Millett C, et al. Ultra-processed food consumption and risk of obesity: a prospective cohort study of UK Biobank. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60(4):2169–80.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Canhada SL, Luft VC, Giatti L, Duncan BB, Chor D, Maria de Jesus M, et al. Ultra-processed foods, incident overweight and obesity, and longitudinal changes in weight and waist circumference: the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Public health nutrition. 2020;23(6):1076–86.

Fazzino TL, Dorling JL, Apolzan JW, Martin CK. Meal composition during an ad libitum buffet meal and longitudinal predictions of weight and percent body fat change: The role of hyper-palatable, energy dense, and ultra-processed foods. Appetite. 2021;167:105592 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105592

Mendonça RdD, Lopes ACS, Pimenta AM, Gea A, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Bes-Rastrollo M. Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Project. American Journal of Hypertension. 2017;30(4):358–66.

Srour B, Fezeu LK, Kesse-Guyot E, Allès B, Méjean C, Andrianasolo RM, et al. Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study (NutriNet-Santé). bmj. 2019;365.

Sro