Oligodendrocytes (OLs) continue to be generated from OL precursors (OPs) in the adult mammalian brain. Adult-born OLs are believed to contribute to neural plasticity, learning and memory through a process of “adaptive myelination”, but how adult OL generation and adaptive myelination are regulated remains unclear. Here, we report that the glia-specific G protein-coupled receptor 37-like 1 (GPR37L1) is expressed in subsets of OPs and newly-formed immature OLs in adult mouse brain. We found that OP proliferation and differentiation are inhibited in the corpus callosum of adult Gpr37l1 knockout mice, leading to a reduction in the number of adult-born OLs. Our data raise the possibility that GPR37L1 is mechanistically involved in adult OL generation and adaptive myelination, and suggest that GPR37L1 might be a useful functional marker of OPs that are committed to OL differentiation.

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