1. Pugh, JD, Twigg, DE, Martin, TL, et al. Western Australia facing critical losses in its midwifery workforce: a survey of midwives’ intentions. Midwifery 2013; 29(5): 497–505.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline2. Holland, PJ, Tham, TL, Gill, FJ. What nurses and midwives want: findings from the national survey on workplace climate and well-being. Int J Nurs Prac 2018; 24(3): e12630.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline3. Jarosova, D, Gurkova, E, Palese, A, et al. Job satisfaction and leaving intentions of midwives: analysis of a multinational cross-sectional survey. J Nurs Manag 2016; 24(1): 70–79.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline4. Harvie, K, Sidebotham, M, Fenwick, J. Australian midwives’ intentions to leave the profession and the reasons why. Women Birth 2019; 32(6): e584–e593.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline5. Fourie, C . Who is experiencing what kind of moral distress? Distinctions for moving from a narrow to a broad definition of moral distress. AMA J Ethic 2017; 19(6): 578–584.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline6. Jameton, A . Nursing practice: the ethical issues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984.
Google Scholar7. Morley, G, Bradbury-Jones, C, Ives, J. What is ‘moral distress’ in nursing? A feminist empirical bioethics study. Nurs Ethics 2020; 27: 1297–1314.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI8. Wilkinson, J . Moral distress: a labor and delivery nurse’s experience. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1989; 18(6): 513–519.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline9. Wilkinson, JM . Moral distress in nursing practice: experience and effect. Nurs Forum 1987; 23: 16–29.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline10. McCarthy, J, Monteverde, S. The standard account of moral distress and why we should keep it. HEC Forum 2018; 30: 319–328.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline11. Campbell, SM, Ulrich, CM, Grady, C. A broader understanding of moral distress. In: Ulrich, CM, Grady, C (eds) Moral distress in the health professions. Cham: Springer, 2018, pp. 59–77.
Google Scholar | Crossref12. Epstein, EG, Hamric, AB. Moral distress, moral residue, and the crescendo effect. J Clin Ethics 2009; 20(4): 330–342.
Google Scholar | Medline13. Oelhafen, S, Cignacco, E. Moral distress and moral competences in midwifery: a latent variable approach. J Health Psychol 2020; 25: 2340–2351.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI14. Oelhafen, S, Monteverde, S, Cignacco, E. Exploring moral problems and moral competences in midwifery: a qualitative study. Nurs Ethics 2019; 26(5): 1373–1386.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI15. Mizuno, M . Confusion and ethical issues surrounding the role of Japanese midwives in childbirth and abortion: a qualitative study. Nurs Health Sci 2011; 13(4): 502–506.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline16. Lamiani, G, Borghi, L, Argentero, P. When healthcare professionals cannot do the right thing: a systematic review of moral distress and its correlates. J Health Psychol 2017; 22(1): 51–67.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI17. Henrich, NJ, Dodek, PM, Gladstone, E, et al. Consequences of moral distress in the intensive care unit: a qualitative study. Am J Crit Care 2017; 26(4): e48–e57.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline18. Burston, AS, Tuckett, AG. Moral distress in nursing: contributing factors, outcomes and interventions. Nurs Ethic 2012; 20(3): 312–324.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI19. Fernandez-Parsons, R, Rodriguez, L, Goyal, D. Moral distress in emergency nurses. J Emerg Nurs 2013; 39(6): 547–552.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI20. McCarthy, J, Gastmans, C. Moral distress: a review of the argument-based nursing ethics literature. Nurs Ethics 2015; 22(1): 131–152.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI21. Whitehead, PB, Herbertson, RK, Hamric, AB, et al. Moral distress among healthcare professionals: report of an institution-wide survey. J Nurs Scholarsh 2015; 47(2): 117–125.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline22. Jameton, A . What moral distress in nursing history could suggest about the future of health care. AMA J Ethic 2017; 19(6): 617–628.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline23. Pendry, PS . Moral distress: recognizing it to retain nurses. Nurs Econ 2007; 25(4): 217–221.
Google Scholar | Medline | ISI24. Rodgers, BL . Concepts, analysis and the development of nursing knowledge: the evolutionary cycle. J Adv Nurs 1989; 14(4): 330–335.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI25. Fitzpatrick, JJ, McCarthy, G. Nursing concept analysis: applications to research and practice. New York: Springer Publishing Company; 2016.
Google Scholar | Crossref26. Rodgers, BL . Philosophical foundations of concept development. In: Rodgers, BL, Knafl, KA (eds) Concept development in nursing. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2000, pp. 7–37.
Google Scholar27. Tofthagen, R, Fagerstrøm, LM. Rodgers’ evolutionary concept analysis – a valid method for developing knowledge in nursing science. Scand J Caring Sci 2010; 24(Suppl. 1): 21–31.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline28. Carpenito-Moyet, LJ . Nursing diagnosis: application to clinical practice. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
Google Scholar29. Moral . Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2020, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/moral (accessed 14 April 2020).
Google Scholar30. Suikkanen, J . This is ethics: an introduction. Chichester: Wiley; 2014.
Google Scholar31. Distress . Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2020, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/distress (accessed 20 April 2020).
Google Scholar32. National Research Council (US) . Recognition and alleviation of distress in laboratory animals. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2008.
Google Scholar33. Morley, G, Ives, J, Bradbury-Jones, C, et al. What is ‘moral distress’? A narrative synthesis of the literature. Nurs Ethics 2019; 26(3): 646–662.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI34. Wurzbach, ME . Experiencing moral uncertainty in practice, 2015, http://hdl.handle.net/10755/581749
Google Scholar35. Papazoglou, K, Chopko, B. The role of moral suffering (moral distress and moral injury) in police compassion fatigue and PTSD: an unexplored topic. Front Psychol 2017; 8: 1999.
Google Scholar36. Litz, BT, Kerig, PK. Introduction to the special issue on moral injury: conceptual challenges, methodological issues, and clinical applications. J Trauma Stress 2019; 32(3): 341–349.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline37. Lützén, K, Cronqvist, A, Magnusson, A, et al. Moral stress: synthesis of a concept. Nurs Ethics 2003; 10(3): 312–322.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI38. O’Donnell, P, Farrar, A, BrintzenhofeSzoc, K, et al. Predictors of ethical stress, moral action and job satisfaction in health care social workers. Soc Work Health Care 2008; 46(3): 29–51.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline39. West, J . Ethical issues and new nurses: preventing ethical distress in the work environment. Kans Nurse 2007; 82(4): 5–8.
Google Scholar | Medline40. Shay, J . Moral injury. Psychoanalytic Psychology 2014; 31(2): 182–191.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI41. Hanna, DR . The lived experience of moral distress: nurses who assisted with elective abortions. Res Theory Nurs Pract 2005; 19(1): 95–124.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline42. Moher, D, iberati, A, Tetzlaff, J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ 2009; 339: b2535.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline43. Marsh, W, Robinson, A, Shawe, J, et al. Removal of babies at birth and the moral distress of midwives. Nursing Ethics 2020; 27: 1103–1114.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI44. Reiger, K, Lane, K. ‘How can we go on caring when nobody here cares about us?’ Australian public maternity units as contested care sites. Women Birth 2013; 26(2): 133–137.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline45. Zolala, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Akrami, F. Severity and frequency of moral distress among midwives working in birth centers. Nurs Ethics 2019; 26(7–8): 2364–2372.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI46. Garel, M, Etienne, E, Blondel, B, et al. French midwives’ practice of termination of pregnancy for fetal abnormality. Prenat Diagn 2007; 27(7): 622–628.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline47. Nathaniel, AK . Moral reckoning in nursing. West J Nurs Res 2006; 28(4): 419–438; discussion 439.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI48. Epstein, EG, Delgado, S. Understanding and addressing moral distress. Online J Issues Nurs 2010; 15(3): 1.
Google Scholar49. Deschenes, S, Kunyk, D. Situating moral distress within relational ethics. Nurs Ethics 2020; 27(3): 767–777.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI50. International Confederation of Midwives . International code of ethics for midwives, 2014, https://www.internationalmidwives.org/assets/files/general-files/2019/10/eng-international-code-of-ethics-for-midwives.pdf
Google Scholar51. Pelvin, B . ICM international code of ethics for midwives. J Midwifery Womens Health 2004; 49(3): 264–265.
Google Scholar