This study was sponsored by Merck as part of an alliance between Merck (CrossRefFunder ID: 10.13039/100009945) and Pfizer. X Zhang and V Pawar are employees and stockholders of EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA. M Yang is an employee of EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA. M Ruisi and K Chin were employees of EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, at the time the research was conducted. RW DeClue is an employee of ConcertAI who received research funding to conduct this study from EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA. L Herms was an employee of ConcertAI at the time of the study and is a current employee of McKesson Corporation. ET Masters is an employee and stockholder of Pfizer. V Velcheti has provided a consultancy or advisory role for Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, USA, an affiliate of Merck KGaA, Foundation Medicine, GSK, Merck & Co., Novartis and Novocure. The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Medical writing support was provided by A Thippeswamy of ClinicalThinking, and was funded by Merck and Pfizer.